Veins in Question

Like many people, you sometimes complain of your legs. Whether painful heaviness, tingling, discomfort, redness, swelling ankles, shooting ... All these common manifestations are often related to poor blood circulation.

How blood circulates through the veins you it?

Blood, propelled by the heart, travels through our arteries to all of our organs it irrigates.
From there, he returned to the heart through the veins and is the "flow back."
In arteries, the heart is the main driver of traffic.
For veins, it is otherwise.
Indeed, while standing, the "gravity" slows the blood circulation going back to the heart. Thanks in part to the action of the calf muscles, "real muscle pump, the blood returns to the heart.
That's why walking is an exercise very conducive to the smooth functioning of the venous circulation, while the immobility it is harmful.


How the veins of our legs?

The veins of our legs are organized into two networks:

• A network of deep veins concealed within the muscles and therefore invisible;
• A network of superficial veins, sometimes visible under the skin where they appear as bluish nets.

These two networks communicate freely with each other by many trade routes.
So that the blood does not flow back under the influence of gravity when we stand, the entire venous system of the legs is equipped with a system of anti-reflux valves very powerful.

Why venous circulation disorders superficial?

In some circumstances, the valves are no longer watertight veins suffer and settle problems. It is helpful to full understand the factors responsible for these disorders: some jobs require prolonged standing and motionless ironers, nurses, stewardesses, dentists. ... working stand and walk little, often suffer from circulatory problems.

For similar reasons, trampling, sedentary lifestyle, long distance travel by plane, train or bus have the same effect.


The woman's hormonal cycle and its variations may also be responsible for discomfort of venous origin.

Constipation is detrimental to proper functioning of your venous circulation because it causes an increase in abdominal pressure that comes thwart the return of venous blood to the heart.

Prolonged exposure to heat in the legs also affects traffic: sunbathing, heating ... cars have the same negative repercussions.

Why you?

One in two women and one-third of French people suffer from their legs. The inheritance plays in an important role. If your mother or your relatives (grandmothers, aunts, sisters ...) or have varicose veins complain of their legs, you're more likely to suffer too.

Pregnancy and other critical periods of female life (puberty, contraception, menopause) also play an important role and may cause the appearance of venous disorders in women previously unaffected, they aggravate the condition of those who already suffering.

Some other factors promote the emergence or aggravation of disorders, especially if combined together: heat, physical inactivity, excess weight or constipation. They should know because it is possible to fight them to limit their effects.

What symptoms should alert you?

The heaviness of the legs is one of the complaints the earliest and most frequent.
It is often associated with other disorders: tingling, discomfort, redness, swelling of the ankles ...
Varicose veins and small dilated veins (spider veins) are the most visible signs, but it is not desirable to wait until they are installed to bother.

If you do not know what attitude to adopt, please ask your pharmacist for advice.

How to treat?

From the early troubles, even discrete, it is useful to make the right decisions, especially if you have any fears of a personal or familial predisposition.



Hygienic rules - simple and effective diet is a good way to fight against suffering vein.
Your pharmacist is well placed to advise you and if deemed necessary, to suggest that you consult a doctor.
In any case, prevention is better than cure.

Some "good advice for bad legs" to help you reduce a risk.

What good habits to adopt?

To ease your discomfort and reduce the discomfort they cause, you must promptly adopt good habits:

Struggle against the sedentary lifestyle and sport:

Walking (with shoes with heels wide and not more than 4 cm in height, whose sole resists twisting) is the exercise of choice to activate blood circulation. It should go a good distance each day, not a walking, alert and supported, to remove an appreciable benefit.
Avoid trampling, window shopping "
Sports peaceful: Swimming, cycling, gymnastics practiced "soft" are also recommended.
Everyone can choose their own pace, frequency and schedules.

The rest of the legs:

• Avoid aggravating factors of venous pain: heat, physical inactivity, overweight, constipation ...
• Remember to walk, move, prefer the movement to immobility, climb the flights of stairs rather than lift
• Refresh your legs by cool showers
• Elevate the foot of your bed (with a wedge of 15 cm at least)
• Low comfort today befitting enough, are comfortable to wear. They will be more effective if you take the precaution of putting them on before getting up and keep them all day.

Massages legs


From the warm season, when your legs are heavy, painful, take care of the massage, morning and evening with a soothing cream, apply it by gentle massage, ascending from the feet to the knees.

A diet selected.

• Choose preferably a diet based on fruits and vegetables rich in fiber and vitamins
• Drink plenty of fluids (1.5 liter of water per day)
• Avoid heavy meals, rich or too little digestible

Good "forms"

• Overweight increasing the disadvantages for your blood circulation and exacerbate the symptoms of suffering venous
• Lose excess pounds and watch your line, if you have your legs

What habits should I fight?

It is good to follow some simple rules to keep the legs "no worries"

Sedentary and standing

It is essential if your business forces you to stay in long standing, stretch your legs in the day, at least every two hours. Practice the movements of the feet and ankles or walk a few steps, a rapid pace.

Sports to master

The practice of certain sports can expose your venous system with an increased risk:

• Sports of high competition,
• Violent sports like tennis or squash,
• Team sports (football, handball, basketball ...), where you may be hit ...
• Combat Sports submitting the venous system to the test.

Attention to heat

The heat does not promote blood circulation: it actually causes a dilation of superficial venous system and therefore, a slowdown in traffic at this level. To reduce the effects, keep your legs from heat.

• Avoid sun beds, hot baths, the floor heating, heating in the car ... Feel free to use the cold shower.

No tight clothing

Tight clothes "jeans" narrow boots, garters ... be avoided if suffering vein: they impede traffic and are aggravating factor.

What medical treatments?

Some drugs have a role to strengthen the "tone" of your veins and reduce discomfort. Do not use medicines without expert advice: Take advice from your pharmacist or doctor.

What is Homeopathy

FAQs on Homeopathy
What are the application areas of homeopathy?
Homeopathy provides a therapeutic response to most common diseases. Homeopathic treatment can also often limit their recurrence. B have no toxic chemicals or use known-cons. Ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Homeopathic medicines act quickly?
Employees in acute diseases, homeopathy can be very rapid action, especially if the drugs are taken at the first symptoms. The treatment of chronic or recurrent seeks longer supported.

Homeopathic and allopathic treatments are compatible?
There is no indication of the cons-simultaneous intake of allopathic and homeopathic. Your doctor may prescribe these medications alone or in supplements, according to your needs.

What does CH?
CH centesimal Hahnemanienne means. It indicates that the drug was prepared according to the method of preparation of the one hundredth dilution. Your doctor or pharmacist carefully chosen dilution, it is important to respect it.

How to take a homeopathic medicine?
For the tube of granules, a decision is usually made up of five pellets. The contents of a dose (about 200 cells) is taken entirely at once. Melt the globules or granules in your mouth. For babies, homeopathic medicines can be dissolved in a little water. Follow the indications on the prescription. In general, no taste in the mouth is recommended when taking a homeopathic medicine. It is best taken without food.

What does a homeopathic medicine?
Homeopathic medicines are generally presented in two formulations: the tube of granules and the dose of cells.

Who are the prescribers of homeopathic medicines?
More than 25,000 physicians prescribe homeopathic medicines (1), nearly half of GPs. Your doctor chooses the treatment, allopathic and / or homeopathic, best suited to you.
(1) Study MV2, 1997. Imago - October 2003

Where to find a homeopathic doctor?
To obtain the coordinates of a physician prescribing homeopathic medicines, you can:

• Ask your pharmacist;
• Consult the Yellow Pages under "general medicine, homeopathy orientation"
• Contact the National Union of Homeopathic Doctors

Homeopathic medicines are reimbursable? Homeopathic medicines enjoy official status since 1965. They are enrolled in the Pharmacopeia and reimbursed at 35% by the Social Security.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist.

What is cholesterol?

What is it?

Cholesterol is a fat (lipid) necessary for the agencies. It is the starting point for the manufacture of many substances such as hormones, vitamins or bile. It is also a constituent of the envelope (or membrane) that surrounds our cells.

Where does it?

Cholesterol we have is for 1 / 3 of our diet (e.g. eggs, offal, some deli ..) and the remaining 2 / 3 are directly manufactured by our liver.

The good and bad cholesterol

Cholesterol can be divided into two broad categories:
Bad cholesterol called "LDL - Cholesterol" can be deposited on the walls of our arteries that may eventually cause an obstruction.

It said the good cholesterol "HDL - Cholesterol" is recycled by the body or eliminated.

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is naturally present in blood at a rate lower than 2 g / l. Beyond this threshold; we can speak of hypercholesterolemia.

There are 2 main types of cholesterol:

• The hypercholesterolemia-called "pure", which correspond to an increase exclusive of cholesterol in the blood.
• The hypercholesterolemia "mixed", which involve both an increase in cholesterol and triglycerides (triglycerides are fats needed by the body as an energy reserve. Contrary to cholesterol, they come mostly from food).

I do not feel sick, so why is it so important to lower my cholesterol?

The excess cholesterol is deposited on the walls of arteries (including a coronary arteries are the arteries feeding the heart) at the risk of clogging.

Indeed, cholesterol deposits cause narrowing that limit the blood supply and therefore, oxygen it carries to the heart muscle. It can occur when the so-called "angina pectoris" or myocardial infarction if the artery is completely blocked.

High cholesterol is a major risk factor is the occurrence of cardiovascular events and complications. It is therefore, essential to reduce cholesterol levels to normal.

However, there are other factors associated with high cholesterol increases the risk of cardiovascular events (the number of factors, the risk is high). It may influence some of these factors (e.g. tobacco), but others are not modifiable (e.g. age).

What are the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors?

There are 4:
1. Tobacco:
There is evidence that smoking is a major risk factor in the occurrence of cardiac events in young adults and especially among women, particularly if she takes a pill. It is therefore, important to stop smoking when cholesterol is detected.

2. Hypertension:
Hypertension predisposes to heart attacks by limiting the possibility of dilation of the arteries of the heart during exertion. Physical exercise and reduced alcohol consumption help reduce tension. If the voltage is too high, the doctor may prescribe an anti-hypertensive. (See the list of food's high potassium and low in sodium )

3. Diabetes:
diabetes, characterized by excess sugar in the blood, is responsible for the long narrowing and hardening of the arteries and all acceleration mechanisms of deposition of cholesterol.
Dietary measures (including a limitation of consumption of sugars and lipids) and physical activity help regulated blood sugar.
If blood sugar is too high, your doctor may prescribe a diabetes drug.

4. A HDL-cholesterol low:
if your HDL - cholesterol ("good cholesterol) is less than 0.35 g / l, this is considered an additional risk factor. However, if this rate is greater than 0.60 g / l is a factor" Guardian ".

What factors are not modifiable cardiovascular risk?

There are 3:
1. The age and sex
So much for the man to the woman's age increases the risk of developing cardiovascular events. Age is considered as a risk factor from 45 years in men and in women 55 years or in case of early menopause. Indeed, the woman enjoys a natural hormonal protection until menopause.

2. The history called "family":
Genetically, some families are more at risk than others. Therefore, if one of your close relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt ...) suffered or suffers from cardiovascular problems (myocardial infarction before age 55 ...) you are more exposed to cardiovascular risk.

3. The history called "personal":
If you have had a myocardial infarction, or if you already suffer from angina pectoris, or arterial disease, you are considered at risk. As we saw earlier, the fact that you, yourself have such a history leads to additional risk to your children are advised to monitor adulthood.

How far should we lower my cholesterol?

What is important to judge is the bad cholesterol, LDL - Cholesterol "and not the total cholesterol because it depends on him essentially the risk of occurrence of a stroke?

Experts have determined LDL - Cholesterol achieved depending on the number of risk factors. The taller the number, the higher the LDL - Cholesterol should be reduced (e.g. to a value less than 1g / l in patients without a history of cardiovascular problems).

Your doctor is the only one able to determine specifically the LDL - Cholesterol that you must achieve.

How to lower my cholesterol?

It's always the diet that we begin to treat hypercholesterolemia. However, it may be necessary to combine it with medication.

Dietetics:

The principles of dietary cholesterol are simple. We must reduce the consumption of harmful fats and cholesterol. Your doctor will first give dietary advice. Meanwhile, it will help you to improve your lifestyle.

Drug treatments:

If dietary measures are insufficient, drug therapy will be proposed to normalize your cholesterol levels. This treatment will not prevent the continuation of dietetic measures or precautions of good hygiene. There are several families of drugs that can lower cholesterol and triglycerides. Your doctor will choose the best treatment for you. This treatment will mostly continue indefinitely.

What to avoid fat and fat to keep?

A diet designed to lower cholesterol requires daily attention on the consumption of foods rich in fat (lipids). Especially as some foods contain fats called "hidden."

Visible fat

Favorable

• Olive oil
• Rapeseed
• Peanut oil (for frying)
• Sunflower oil
• Corn oil
• Grape Seed Oil
• Soybean oil
• Plants soft margarines

Unfavorable

• Butter
• Cream
• Lard
• Palme (margarines)

Hidden fat

Favorable

• Fish
• Poultry (skinless)
• Lean pork (tenderloin)
• Ham
• Lawyer

Unfavorable

• Sheep
• Beef
• Pork fat
• Fat Delicatessen
• Cheese fat
• Whole milk

Menstrual Cycle Conception

The menstrual cycle

At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, a few follicles develop. Only one dominant follicle matures, called Graafian follicle. It opens and releases the egg: it is ovulation. At that moment, the follicle becomes a corpus luteum. The egg enters the fallopian tubes, where 3 to four days it moves through the uterine cavity. If it is fertilized, it implants there otherwise the egg lives for about 24 hours, and the corpus luteum is secreted for 12 to 14 days. Then come the rules and a new cycle begins.

Methods of contraception without a prescription

Spermicides

They come in different ways:

• Creams
• Ova
• Tablet gynecological
• Gels or sponge (pad)

Their time and their duration of action vary.
Now 10 minutes for the time and 2-24 hours for the duration of action.

Their statement is:

• Not using oral contraceptives or intrauterine
• Pre-menopausal
• Missed a regular oral contraceptive
• Young women with low sex
• Girl with poorly developed cycles
• After childbirth or an abortion or not voluntary

Natural and mechanical methods

There are several methods:
Ovulation Tests


Minicomputer with sticks tests aimed at women 25 to 45 years where the cycles are more regular. Determination of the fertile days by testing hormone levels. Each month, enter the beginning of menstruation, afterwards a small light glows different color depending on the fertile days or not. 16 tests are required the first month then 8 the 2nd. Cost: 100 euros

The Other tests can also detect the fertile period by testing hormone levels. They are generally used to help start a pregnancy.


Other methods known as "Barrier"

Condoms
Indication also prevention against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Good efficiency, lower cost


Female Condom
He has in the vagina. It is disposable and can be used during menstruation. Protects against STDs


Contraceptive cap
Caps the cervix with a dose of spermicide placed at the bottom this system, which stops sperm in their ascent to the cervix. It is prescribed by a doctor or midwife to determine the size and put it down; it should be avoided in the girl.

Other methods

Ogino-Knaus method
This is to determine the fertile period by calculations on the number of days the shorter cycles and longer. Need to study its cycles of 1 year or so. Can not be used after childbirth and induced abortion or not.
Rhythm Method: The first day of fertility: 18 to remove the shortest cycle, the last day of fertility: 11 to remove the longest cycle.

Knaus method: The first day of fertility: 17 to remove the shortest cycle, the last day of fertility: 13 to remove the longest cycle.

Temperature method
Record daily morning temperatures.
Offset temperature at the time of ovulation generated by progesterone.
Take her temperature every morning at the same time.

36 and 36.5 between periods and ovulation
36.5 and 37.2 at the time of ovulation
36 and 36.5 when the rules occur
Can not be used after childbirth and induced abortion or not, night work and pre-menopause.

Billings method


This is to identify ovulation by observing the appearance of cervical mucus.
Collect some vaginal secretions to appreciate the color and consistency between the thumb and forefinger.

The mucus is more abundant in early follicular development.
It will change until ovulation when it becomes shiny, elastic and stringy.
Then the corpus luteum is secreted; it becomes opaque and sticky.
Avoiding intercourse or using contraception at the onset of local gloss and mucus for 4-5-day unsafe method modification because the mucus in the event report.


What to do if you forget to pill?


The combined oral pill is very effective but one in 10 women forget at least once in the month! Gold mini and minipills impose a decision very regular: an hour's weight in the timetable only. Normodose's pills, they, except derivatives of several hours. In addition, the interruption of seven days to "see the rules is an interruption limit. An additional day off and the eggs take the opportunity to come to fruition. The risk of pregnancy is not well controlled.

Emergency contraception (RMS) is desirable if there was sexual intercourse in 72 hours before oblivion, especially if oblivion for the 3rd week of a wafer.

The method involves taking two progestin pills (Stédiril ®) to 12 hours apart within 48 hours after intercourse (within 72 hours gives poorer results). For example, nightclub, meeting at midnight, the work of flesh at 3 o'clock, in the morning, sleep. Wake up at 10 o'clock, noon panic. What to do?

Take 2 pills as soon as possible and normodose renew the two pills 12 hours later. Point load hormone causes nausea and rules of deprivation that prevails in any fertilized egg.

More recently, taking a progestin (levonorgestrel) is based on the same principle. Found in pharmacies (OTC) boxes specially packaged with a tablet to take it very quickly (within 72 hours) and a 2nd to take 12 hours later. Efficiency is the same for fewer unpleasant side effects (less nausea).

Emergency Contraception First action: the installation of a copper IUD within five days after the report fertilizing. Delicate in the young girl and women not been pregnant, this method is rarely used. The second appeal is the morning-after pill, which there are two versions of hormones: progestin or progestin alone.

Warning! That contraception is opportunistic, not systematic: for your peace and it is best to consult his doctor. It remains the condom (well spent) to open access, low-cost and use impromptu.

Why Stretch Marks

Phenomenon very common (it affects more than one in two women); stretch marks come to the appearance of small scars, first red, then white and pearly. They may settle during pregnancy but also during a weight loss or during puberty and when they are there, they never disappear by themselves.

Long, women were resigned to pay this tribute to their pregnancy.

Physicians saw stretch marks as a benign lesion too to deserve the name of disease and they just interested in them. As for beauticians, they lacked the means necessary for a rigorous study of the problem.

Why stretch marks?

Stretch marks, aging skin disaster

It took until recently for researchers begin to systematic study the phenomenon of stretch marks and find it similar to the aging of the skin.

This approximation put seem unexpected: the skin gradually tumbled so sharply that stretch marks are installed and at any age. However, if we place ourselves in the dermis, it appears that the phenomenon is identical in both cases.


How the skin ages it?

There beneath the epidermis a network of fibers that provide elasticity and solidarity of the skin collagen and elastic fibers. These fibers are produced by definite cells, fibroblasts. After a certain age, the fibroblasts begin to function not as much well: the mesh fiber network is scarce and deteriorate; it becomes less dense, folds and wrinkles, or the fiber reinforcement deteriorates.

How they stretch marks appear?

The frame's natural skin is also subject to strain during pregnancy: endocrine processes that accompany it can disrupt the activity of fibroblasts and production, as in the case of aging, then decrease the quantity and quality. The unusual mechanical tension to which the skin is subjected does the rest: the fiber network is altered and breaks into multiple locations. Correspond to breaks in these deep depressions of the fine surface of the skin stretch marks.

Frequently Asked Questions about Pregnancy

Common Questions About Pregnancy
One must eat to 2 when pregnant?

TRUE:
For 2, yes. As 2, no!
The important thing is to have a balanced diet that emphasizes holy, and all that is good for you and your baby milk and dairy products for calcium and protein, fruits and vegetables for vitamins and minerals, fish for phosphorus, and cereals for energy ...

The ideal weight gain during pregnancy is 9 to 12 kilos?

TRUE:
ideally not exceed 10 pounds. Because it takes less weight, less has been fortunate to have stretch marks or problems with heavy legs. And soon after it regains its online!

Almost all mothers are a little depressed after the birth of their child?

TRUE: This attitude is authentic in most cases. While it has everything to be happy, the young mother sees life in gray. Fatigue, anxiety about new responsibilities, hormones drop, so many reasons for this "blues baby." It's time to pamper, take care of yourself, to be beautiful, to regain his confidence and his smile gently.


When you're pregnant, it must be even more careful in the sun

TRUE:
During pregnancy, it is best to avoid the sun indeed, UV-A and B highlight the risk of developing pregnancy mask on the face, especially around the 4th month. Remember to protect with a sunscreen, even in the shade, in spite of with a hat.

Stretch marks occur mainly among women over 30?

FALSE:
Stretch marks are not a matter of age or skin or inheritance, but the direct result of hormonal changes associated with pregnancy. You should know, however, that the younger you are; the more one is sensitive to these changes so that more stretch marks. Weight gain may also be too large at any age a risk factor. As a precaution, it is advisable to apply a specific product from the 3rd month of pregnancy.

We do not need special care products during pregnancy:

FALSE:
The body changes of volume, the skin is influenced by significant hormonal changes; it's time instead of being small to fuss over her beauty. Change your usual moisturizer, your moisturizer or your sweet almond oil for precise products, specific, specially formulated for cosmetic problems associated with pregnancy stretch marks, swollen legs, dry skin, sagging after childbirth.

A pregnant woman should avoid all exercise


FALSE:
If violent sports or those who bully your breasts should be avoided so fragile, it is the perfect time to rediscover the benefit of those walking or swimming. The latter is particularly recommended to relieve back pain.

Stretch marks often occur because of the sun.

FALSE:
They see themselves more in the sun because they do not tan in the same way as the rest of the body. However, in any case, the sun cannot be responsible for their appearance.

Bronchiolitis in Infants

Symptoms

Acute bronchiolitis is a seasonal viral infection affecting the infant before the age of two years. It clogs the bronchioles predominant. Risk of an outbreak from October to March.

Rhinitis,
Coughs and repetitive
Rapid, shallow breathing,
Discomfort at the end,
Whistling expiratory (wheezing)
Crackles: sounds fine and fast occurring at the end of inspiration,
Sibilant rales produced by the passage of air in the bronchi,
Mild fever.

Prevention

Delay, if possible, the community development of infants,
Scrupulously hygienic measures (hands, clothes, toys, parent-child contact ...)
Tobacco should be avoided in the entourage

Treatment

Chest physiotherapy,
Hydration
Drug treatment
Systematic hospitalization for infants under 6 weeks.

Conditions for effective treatment

• Comply with physiotherapy
• Give plenty of fluids to correct rehydration
• Sessions of aerosols and fogging should not be long (10 min)
• Place the infant seat in a partially
• Snuff carefully the baby (to be done before each bottle)
• Remove and disinfect the nebulizer systematically after each use and then run it empty.

What if you recognize bronchiolitis?

• Call your doctor
• Wash hands thoroughly before each provide care for the baby
• Lay the baby in a semi sitting position
• Wash frequently "softies"
• Wash clothes (soaking disinfectant)
• Avoid smoking
• Wash the baby's nose (saline, sterile seawater ...)

Nutritional needs of pregnant women

Acute bronchiolitis is a seasonal viral infection affecting the infant before the age of two years. It clogs the bronchioles predominant. Risk of an outbreak from October to March. Nutrition Advice

Good nutrition is essential for the health of the mother but also for the baby and an adult. Dietary advice will be most effective they will be applied early in pregnancy.

Pregnancy is accompanied by profound changes fetal development and adaptations of the body of the mother for certain changes of nutritional needs.

However, pregnant women should not eat for two; she needs to eat twice as well.

The diet should be mostly balanced. There is no weight gain optimal valid for all women in women of normal weight, an extra 100 kilocalories per day in the first quarter 250 kilocalories per day during the 2nd and 3rd quarter.
This is equivalent to taking a daily fruit or a glass of milk and more at the beginning of pregnancy, and two (or bread, a serving of cheese and fruit) during a snack late in pregnancy.

While the dangers of obesity are now recognized, experts also warn against the risks of too little weight gain.
You need a balance.

Excess weight increases the real risk of complications, whether the mother or child. Cesarean delivery is more common.

The nutritional objective is then to limit the weight gain 6-10 kg for the entire pregnancy without the contribution is less than 1600 kilocalories per day.

A thin or lean body mass raises the risk of premature labor, fetal growth retardation and small birth weight (less than 2.5 kg).

The optimal weight gain is between 11.5 and 16 kg for a woman of a medium build and 12.5 to 18 kgs for women leaner.



From a qualitative standpoint, the need for nutrients such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are exactly the same before and during pregnancy.

On protein, intake should be 70 g per day. (Apart from a vegetarian diet, all women in France have enough).
On carbohydrates, the interest of complex sugars (rice, pasta, potatoes) should be stressed at the expense of simple carbohydrates during pregnancy, the body less resistant to the young, which imposes a carbohydrate breakfast.
The soluble and insoluble plant fibers must be present in the diet to ensure adequate maternal blood glucose.

Unless weight problems, pregnant women do not have to limit their consumption of fats. Lipids provide essential vitamins, including the fetus. Non-skimmed milk products, provide 40% of recommended vitamin A during pregnancy. And fats contain essential fatty acids necessary for the formation and functioning of the brain membranes of the fetus.

You have to vary the sources of fats: butter on bread and oils (sunflower, corn, peanut, olive, soybean, rapeseed ...) in salads.

As for beverages, it is advisable to drink about 1.5 to two liters of water per day early in pregnancy.
Water is essential for the proper development of the fetus (amniotic fluid formation) and helps prevent kidney problems and constipation in the mother. (Preferably Drinking mineral water in small amounts throughout the day)

Avoid alcohol and soft drinks.

Need's folic acid (vitamin B9) is also increasing. The consumption of raw vegetables, vegetables (spinach, lettuce, cabbage) and fresh fruit, in principle, allows to cover its increased needs.
Some women are at risk of deficiency, particularly smokers and women taking oral contraceptives before pregnancy.

The recommended dose if supplementation is 5 mg per day.

The absorption of iron is four to five times higher among pregnant women the iron content in offal, red meat, pulses and green vegetables.
An intake of vitamin D is recommended during the seventh month of pregnancy to reduce the risk of anemia in calcium at birth.

Rules to follow

• Never skip meals
• To diversify its supply by tapping into each class of food:

varying sources of fat, increase consumption of fruits and vegetables, consuming a dairy product with every meal, at least four times a day.

• Do not nibble of greasy or sweet between meals. - Drinking water (about 1.5 to two liters per day), limiting alcohol, quitting smoking.
• Exercise (walking, swimming)

Questions and answers

How to cover the calcium requirements?

The recommended dietary calcium is 1200 mg / l.
For example: 300 mg of calcium are made by a bowl of milk or yogurt or two 300 g or 30 g cheese Emmental.

How to relieve nausea?

If they appear upon awakening, take a solid breakfast in bed a glass of water or milk in an hour, depending on tolerance. A glass of coca may also help.

Should we eat more?

A little, but not too much: additional 100 kcal per day are needed in Q1 (a glass of milk or fruit). It is especially important to eat more balanced.

What cons bloating and heartburn?

Decrease the volume of main meals and split flows. Avoid foods, which ferment. Do not lie down immediately after a meal. Remove acidic foods and dishes too spicy.

What should I do to relieve constipation?

Drink at least 1.5 liters of water daily walk eating enough food rich in fiber. Drink a glass of cold water after an overnight fast.

Infant regurgitation

Regurgitation or vomiting?

Regurgitation: sudden and effortless removal of greater or lesser amounts of gastric contents into the esophagus or mouth. The content and rejected, often made from milk curd during the period of milk diet simply flows along the mouth.

Vomiting: reference assets of gastric contents. Much more abundant, he gushes with effort and requires abdominal muscle contraction and therefore, efforts.

The distinction is not always as obvious. Only your doctor can help you make the difference.

Portrait of "baby regurgitate" or "baby eater"

The baby eater, also known as "baby - Leaky" is an infant that goes: pleased lively, tonic, it is "happy" but during his periods of wakefulness, usually after dinner, he presents regurgitation.
There are no other symptoms. He eats properly, growing well, sleeps rightly, does not show any pain during or after meals.

These regurgitations typically appear before three months, involve 20 to 40% of infants, diminish after six months but can sometimes persist exceptionally up to 18 months or two years.
In short, it regurgitates but is worn like a charm.


Benin and transitory phenomenon that requires a simple treatment

Reassurance

This is a minor symptom, your baby will not risk anything other than dirty her sheets, clothes, yours ...

Trust the traditional means


Avoid any kind of abdominal compression, and layer clothing too tight.
Place your baby like the others, on the back or side.
Split meals.
Bottle feeding in a quiet atmosphere.
Check the bottle nipple is adapted to the age of your baby.
Do not force baby to eat if not hungry.
Avoid at diversification, food in refluxing: All fruit juices (especially orange), chocolate, sweets.
Remove all smoking environments.


Thicken food


Your doctor will advise a food plan anti-regurgitation.
Easy to use, it prepares a conventional milk. Particularly effective and well digested by the presence of locust bean gum, it contributes to the healthy growth of your baby.

Carob flour: a natural thickener that has proven.

Extracted from the seeds of the carob tree, small tree of the Mediterranean, carob flour is a natural thickener has long been used in the food industry and has proven itself in the dietary treatment of regurgitation in infants. Neutral flavor, carob flour gives the product an ideal thickening, without extra calories or gastrointestinal disturbance.

If, despite the thickening, regurgitation persisted beyond a week, consult your doctor again.

Dry Baby Skin

Functions still very young

In infants, the secretion of sweat is more limited as immature. These glands depend on the nervous system. Until it has acquired full maturity, the eccrine glands function improperly. Less lubricated, the skin becomes dry, cracked more easily.

Baby Care must be different than those for adults. The report skin surface to weight ratio is three times higher in infants. The pH of a newborn baby to term and until two, week is almost neutral, whereas that of an adult is between 4.2 and 5.6 on or resistance to infections in infants less.

Melanin production (hormone sun protection) is slowed, so the children under one year have clear skin. They have no protection against the sun.

Exposure to the sun is strongly recommended before 6 months

Adult skin and baby
	Adult	Newborn
Body surface	17000 cm ²	2200 cm ²
Weight	70 kg	3.4kg
Report skin surface weight	243	647
Hydrolipidic protective film	Yes	No
Epidermis	Dense	Thin
Dermis	Rich in elastic fibers	Poor in elastic fibers
Sebaceous glands	Depending	At rest
Sweat gland	Depending	Immature

Beware of the Sun

The skin of toddlers is fragile; we must be vigilant!
- Before 1 year, avoid direct exposure to sunlight and sun during peak hours (between 12 and 16 hours)

• Use special baby products and high index from mineral sunscreen
•  Beware of dehydration drink the baby regularly and spray with thermal water on his face.
• Adopt the reflex T-shirt and hat
• Repeat applications every 2 hours.

Care Products

Some tips:

• Avoid alcoholic lotions
• Limit the application of skin care products to small areas
• Monitor the expiration date and the smell of baby care products
• Consider the weight / skin surface in the baby. For a given application area, the product concentration in the body is much greater than that of an adult.
• Attention to the abrasive effect of plasters! Prefer microporous
• Avoid products and increase unnecessary applications
• Tightly recap the bottle to minimize any microbial growth

Toilet and bath

The newborn does every day between 1 and three stool and urine over 20 times. To avoid the occurrence of infection and skin irritation, change the baby 6-8 times a day.

Bath

Keep the baby with one hand sour wedge his head and neck on the forearm, slowly immerse in the bath wash with your other hand.
The water is 37 ° C and room temperature at 20-22 ° C.
Bathe in the morning or the evening before bedtime when the child is hungry or sleepy. It limited to two or three minutes for newborns to prevent any risk of skin dryness.
If dry skin, pediatricians recommend giving a bath every other day.
Moisturize the face and body after bathing.

Hair

A daily shampoo leaves a clean scalp and reduces the appearance of cradle cap.
Apply shampoo, lather and rinse with a washcloth or sponge in proceeding from the forehead to the top of the skull.
There are special shampoo infants that do not leak and do not sting the eyes.

Eyes

Moisten each eye with a sterile saline. Clean the outer corner of the eye towards the nose, finishing with the tear duct.

The care of the umbilical cord

Her healing is done only 12 or 15 days. Until then, at each exchange, you should clean the area with sterile gauze soaked with alcohol at 60 ° C. Dry, subsequently apply the 2% aqueous eosin. Then protect with gauze held by a net cord or tape. The cord drying out and falling leaves a small wound that may ooze a few days. This slight discharge does not prevent the bath. If it persists regardless of a consultation is needed to eliminate any risk of infection.

Tips for the bath

• Never leave your child alone
• Until the child is very small, do not let go
• Place a rubber mat at the bottom of the tub
• Check the water temperature
• Close the valve fully: even a drop of hot water can burn the baby
• Do not bathe your child in a cold room

Dermatological problems in everyday life

Diaper rash

Red patches more or less humid, often associated with painful local irritation clean and thoroughly dry the buttocks and the folds of the baby. Use cotton diapers. Allow the baby to the air as often as possible. Apply a barrier cream (no talc). See if the redness persists.

Heat rash

These are excess sweating. Bathe the baby more often absorb excess sweat with talcum powder.

White dots on the nose

These sebaceous glands temporarily dilated. Do not pierce them as it may cause scarring or infections.

Cradle cap

This is squama fat of the scalp. Simply massage the scalp with petroleum jelly or sweet almond oil and make the evening a mild shampoo in the morning to make them disappear.

Acne of newborn

From maternal hormonal secretions, these lesions heal spontaneously after the 4th month. Avoid applying cream.

Baby Menu

Sample Menu 3 months

For a child ration of 700g 5Kg ....
5 x 150 or 4 x 180

a) 5 meals of 150 grams (3 months):

• 1 Bottle of 150 grams with 5 measures of milk + 1 / 2 to 1 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
• 2nd and 4th bottles: 150 g with 5 measures of milk
• 3 rd meal: a bottle of 75 g with 2 measures 1 / 2 milk + 1 / 2 to 1 jar of fruit (120 g) or 60 to 120 g sauce (a teaspoon)
• 5th meal: 1 vegetable stock

For 10 days to just 150 grams of vegetable broth + 4 measures 1 / 2 of milk (based on potatoes, carrots, leeks + 1-4 seasonal greens)

All vegetables are allowed except salsify. Beware of carrots and spinach for nitrate.
The next 10 days to add 150 g of vegetable broth, one tbsp. mashed vegetable soup + 4 measures of milk.
The 10 days of the month to add 150g vegetable stock two tbsp. vegetable soup + 3 measures 1 / 2 milk.

b) 4 meals of 180 g (3-4 months):

• Morning: 1 bottle 180 g with 6 measures of milk + 1 / 2 to 1 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
• 2nd meal: a bottle of 90 g with 3 measures of milk + 1 / 2 to 1 jar of fruit (120 g) or 60 to 120 g of applesauce
• 3rd meal: 1 bottle 180 g with 6 + 5 measures measures 1 / 2 milk
• 4th meal: 1 vegetable stock

10 days: 180 g of vegetable broth + 5 measures 1 / 2 milk
10 days: 180 g of vegetable broth + 1 tbsp. vegetable soup + 5 measures of milk
10 days: 180 g of vegetable broth + 2 tbsp. vegetable soup + 4 measures 1 / 2 milk.

• Not much salt in the soup.
• Not fat.
• The vegetable broth can be prepared for 48 hours and still be frozen (up to 6 days).

Sample menu 4 or 5 months

For a child 6Kg 200: ration of 820 g or 4 meals of 210 g.

• Morning: 1 bottle 210 g with 7 measures of milk + 1 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
• At noon: (meals with a spoon)
• 70 to 100 g of mashed vegetables:

Potato: 3 times per month
Carrots: 2 times per month
Spinach: 2 times per month
Greens: 23 days per month

• 10 to 15 grams of meat or fish (2 to 3 tbsp. Coffee):

(Cooked meat grilled, poached fish) + Vintage + butter small pinch of salt.
It can also give ham or poultry without skin

• 120 to 130 g serving:

A slightly sweet yogurt or cottage cheese or chipmunks at 20% (not sweet) or
Small pots of fruit or stewed fruit (except bananas) or seasonal fruit wines

At 16 hours: one bottle 210 g with seven measures of milk + 1 / 2 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
(The bottle of 16 hours should never be removed or replaced by dairy products or fruit until the child agrees to take "problem in nursery)

Never give boiled.

• The Evening: vegetable soup, 180 g of vegetable broth
• 10 days: 3 tbsp. vegetable soup + 4 measures of milk
• 10 days: 4 tbsp. vegetable soup + 3 measures of milk
• 10 days: 5 tbsp. vegetable soup + 2.5 measures of milk

This meal is made from a bottle
If the child feels the need to drink, regardless of age, it should take only water.

Sample Menu 6 months

The morning and 16 hours:
Bottle of 210 to 240 g with 7 or 8 measures measures of milk + 1 tbsp. Coffee with cereal flour (more or less gluten).

Never malted milk or "fragrant".

At noon:
Same plan +
1 / 2 egg yolk hard week
1 / 2 banana poached flood 2-3 times a week
Cheese and chipmunks to 30%

Vegetable soup:
If the infant accepts, this meal may be taken with a spoon.
For 15 days: 6 tbsp. vegetable soup + 2 measures of milk
15 days: 7 tbsp. vegetable soup + 1 part milk.

More or less grated cheese (Gruyere, Cantal ...)
More or less alternating 1 tbsp. coffee tapioca, semolina, bledaline, Floraline, floralettes (small pasta).
More or less depending on the appetite of the infant 50 to 80 g of stewed fruit wines.

Sample Menu 6 months to 1 year

The infant's diet varies very little:

• Introduction of cupcakes (babiscuits) after the bottles in the morning and 16 o'clock, bread crusts
• Passage of cow's milk as possible to 7-8 months
• Rice, pasta once a month
• All cheeses can be given (best time: before the evening meal)
• No liver, brains, pork, meat sauce, horse
• Not Meat, fish, vegetables cooked in butter or oil

Sample menu 1 to 2 years

• 30 to 50 grams of meat or fish per day
• 1 egg per week: drive and then boiled
• Fruits and vegetables: the amount sought by the infant
• Introduction of legumes: 2-3 times per month (white beans, kidney beans, lentils)

Sample menu after 2 years

• 50 to 60 grams of meat or fish per day (increase of 10 g per year of age, maximum: 120 g per day (any age)
• 2 eggs per week and never at any age (not cooked dish)
• Pork with 2 1 / 2 years but never pie or sausage
• No meat, fish, vegetables cooked in butter or oil (fried)

The food of childhood

The jars infant: a high level of food safety

EU directives provide the babies with great jar's food security.

Thus, colors and sweeteners are banned and the use of additives is severely restricted.

It only allowed as flavoring extracts and essences of natural substances.

The concentration of nitrates is limited to 250 mg / kg of finished product.

Since 1990 to prevent BSE, the industry has removed the varieties of small pots made of offal.

Pesticide levels tolerated are typically 10 times lower than those of the adult diet.
A team of researchers from the University of Washington (USA), newborns whose mothers have experienced nausea and vomiting during pregnancy have a preference for salt, before the introduction of non-milk foods.

This preference is linked to a mechanism adaptation to maternal dehydration.

Feeding babies is too rich in protein

Mothers tend to give too much protein. At the age of 10 months, small are almost 20% protein and less than 30% fat, while milk, perfect food, containing 50% fat.
A 2-year feeding provides 16.5% energy as protein, instead of 5-6 recommended, and always too little fat. Fats should not be restricted in early life. They should then gradually reduce the benefit of proteins, the opposite of what is done today.

All essential nutrient requirements are not covered

Children are at risk of iron deficiency and vitamin D, which is now opposed using supplements, and fortification of milk. However, other nutrients may be inadequate. This is the case of vitamin E and selenium, both antioxidants. Magnesium and zinc may also be missed. The latter is the cause of stunting. Finally, the French food does not have enough fundamental fatty acid's omega three families, which are essential for brain development and vision centers. To prevent these deficits, we must prepare baby food with canola oil and nuts, walnuts offer (the components) and fatty fish. It can also give birth soon added vitamins and mineral's low dose, a habit that may be pursued.

Before age 2, babies can drink water rich in calcium and magnesium.

In the first months of life, the baby is perfectly capable of safely absorb calcium and magnesium, two minerals of considerable importance for growth and health. Better worth giving it a moderately mineralized water that empty water minerals such as those recommended. Another error: the idea that the bread should be introduced at the age of seven years (but french fries, chips and cakes to 18 months!). Of the ten leading causes of mortality in adults, at least five are related to dietary habits of small children and childhood. And among them, the use of refined foods, contributes to deficits in vitamins, minerals and fiber, and probably the risk of diabetes and cancer. Whole-grain bread - for two years before - should be systematically preferred to white bread and cake's legumes (lentils), they, better than french fries and chips.

A child does not have sugary foods.

Sucrose can be eliminated from the diet of the child, or very greatly reduced; energy is provided by complex carbohydrates in plants and cereals, fruits and fructose. EU directives also impose strict limits on amounts of sugar added to be processed cereal-based industrial and baby food jars. These measures are aimed to contain the incidence of dental caries, and to avoid giving the child a sweet taste that can corrupt the food choices later.

Before age 2, babies can drink water rich in calcium and magnesium.

The introduction of diversified foods should not mark the cessation of breastfeeding, which should ideally be continued throughout the first year. Babies breast fed for a year know better brain development. They are less frequently affected by diarrhea, allergies, diabetes.

Recommended nutrient intakes in young children
	1-3 months	3-6 months	6-9 months	9-12 months	1-3 years
Energy (kcal / day)	450	600	700	850	1300
Protein (g / kg / day)	2	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.2
Essential fatty acids	4-6	idem	idem	idem	idem
Calcium (mg / day)	400	400	600	600	800
Phosphorus (mg / day)	300	300	500	500	800
Magnesium (mg / day)	40	40	60	60	80
Iron (mg / day)	8-10	8-10	8-10	8-10	10
Zinc (mg / day)	5	5	5	5	10
Iodine (mcg / day)	40-50	40-50	40-50	40-50	70-120
Copper (mg / day)	0.4-0.7	0.4-0.7	0.4-0.7	0.4-0.7	0.7
Fluorine (mg / day)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.5-1
Selenium (mg / day)	10-15	10-15	10-15	10-15	20-30
Vitamin A (RE / day)	375-400	375-400	375-400	375-400	400-700
Vitamin D (IU / day)	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000
Vitamin E (mg / day)	3-4	3-4	3-4	3-4	6-7
Vitamin K (mcg / day)	5-10	5-10	5-10	5-10	15-30
Vitamin C (mg / day)	30-35	30-35	30-35	30-35	40-45
Vitamin B1 (mg / day)	0.3-0.4	0.3-0.4	0.3-0.4	0.3-0.4	0.7-1
Vitamin B2 (mg / day)	0.4-0.5	0.4-0.5	0.4-0.5	0.4-0.5	0.8-1.2
Vitamin B3 (mg / day)	5-6	5-6	5-6	5-6	9-13
Vitamin B5 (mg / day)	2-3	2-3	2-3	2-3	3-5
Vitamin B6 (mg / day)	0.3-0.6	0.3-0.6	0.3-0.6	0.3-0.6	1-1.7
Vitamin B8 (mg / day)	10-15	10-15	10-15	10-15	20-30
Vitamin B9 (mg / day)	25-35	25-35	25-35	25-35	50-100
Vitamin B12 (mcg / day)	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.7-1.4

Major components of the different milks

Constituents	Breast milk	Milk Cow	1st age milk or infant	2nd milks age or follow-on milks
Water (ml / l)	871	872	870	870
Protein (g / l)  Casein (%)  Soluble protein (%)	8-12  40  60	30-35  80  20	15-22  34-80  20-66	24-30  40-80  20-60
Fat (g / l)  Vegetable fats (%)  Ac. Linoleic (g / l)	30-40  -  3.5	35-40  -  0.9	25-38  Max. 40  2.4 to 4.2	29-40  Max. 50  ~ 2% to 10%
Carbohydrates (g / l)  Lactose (%)  Oligosaccharides (%)  Other sugars (%)	60-70  85-90  10-15  -	45-50  98  -  -	70-95  70-100  -  0-30	70-86  40-60  -  40-60
Calorie (kg cal / s)	600-700	650-750	650-700	650-720
Minerals (g / l)  Sodium  Chlorine  Calcium  Phosphorus  Ca / P  Magnesium	2  0.1 to 0.2  0.45  0.3  0.15  2  0.035	7  0.7  1.1  1.2  0.9  1.3  0.12	4  0.2  0.3 to 0.7  0.5 to 0.8  0.35 to 0.5  1.3 to 1.6  0.05 to 0.08	7  0.5  0.7 to 0.9  0.85  1.05  0.7  1.2 to 1.5  0.07 to 0.12