Online Health Guide

Cephalic Vein

2012-02-29T07:58:00.000-08:00

The candidate's comfort - patient's nightmare?

SUMMARY
Background is a necessary part of modern medicine, but the knowledge of men's close relationship to the nerves seemed to be inadequate.

Material and methods. We refer two patient stories that show the possible consequences of needle's projections of cephalic vein and radial artery.

Results. Both patients developed symptoms and clinical and neurophysiological findings suggestive of a lesion of radial nerve. One patient will most likely not develop a prolonged neuropathic pain, whereas in the second, the equivalent damage to the vagus radial lead to chronic and debilitating pain.

Interpretation. We discourage the distal part of the cephalic ("the candidate's comfort") as the first choice of cannulation and for training of inexperienced students. The vein should be reserved for patients where there is a lack alternative venous system and in acute situations where there is a need for rapid fluid infusion or blood transfusion.

The external branches of the vagus radiate and distal part of the cephalic vein and radial artery is anatomically close to each other. V. cephalic crosses the superficial branches of the radial nerve just proximal to carpo radial wrist while a stellate comes closer to the nerve branches. With precisely a few millimeters between blood vessels and nerve branch is the nerve fibers at particular risk of needlestick injury.

The superficial branches of the vagus radialis exposed to stab during the radial artery and its branches as the nerve crosses the cephalic vein.

Material and methods
We refer here from his own practice two patient stories that show potentially serious consequences of needle's projections of cephalic and A. radialis.

Patient 1
Before an elective surgery had a 45-year-old woman filed a needle in the cephalic just proximal to the left wrist ("the candidate's comfort"). During the introduction of the needle, she reported acute onset of pain radiating to the left middle finger. The next day she was tender in the left in-between finger and entered into and reduced extension force outcomes along the dorsal aspect of the port 2 and three finger. Press over the site triggered lancinating sensation over the radial side of hand. During a month disappeared from the ongoing, spontaneous pain, but sensibilities end ringer was still present.

Clinical neurological and neurophysiological examination revealed shock-like and lancinating pain by feathery pressure over the superficial branch of radial nerve. They found decreased sensation to light touch in a small area at the base of the left middle finger and a crown large area at the base of the left index finger. She had no tactile allodynia (pain with normally non-painful stimulus) but a Pressure hyperalgesia (increased pain on pressure) at the insertion site of the needle, as described above.

Patient 2
A 47-year-old man in connection with cardiac suffered severe pain during cannulation of the right radial a. In the first two weeks after the needles had no pain limited to the insertion site 5.5 cm proximal to wrist bending groove, then he developed severe pain along the radial side of forearm, and into the hand while the hand was swollen.

The clinical neurological examination five months after the injury, we found evidence of autonomic dysfunction and impaired sensibility, but no allodynia to light touch in the affected area radialis. He, however, had a local allodynia to light touch on the forearm and a hyperalgesia to pressure in a somewhat larger area.

After a year had been significantly reversed the swelling, but it could still vary in intensity. The hand appeared shiny and discolored (blue / red) and alternated between being warmer and colder than the left. The pain persisted with an intensity of 4-9 on a numeric scale from 0 - 10 (0 = no pain and 10 = maximum imaginable pain) and now includes all the fingers. Treatment with pregnable reduced pain intensity to 0-6 (average 4). The patient entered generally decreased power in the hand and loss of sensibility in the affected area radialis innervated.

Neurography
Neurography of the upper extremities was performed with a Dantec Counter Point, and with measurement of motor, distal latency, amplitude and conduction velocity of N. medianus and n ulnaris and measurement of sensory latency and conduction velocity of the same nerves. N. radialis' superficial branch was evaluated by measurement of sensory conduction velocity and response amplitude bilaterally.

It was with both patient's normal conditions in the motor and sensory fibers in n medianus and n ulnaris in the left upper limb, and in the radial nerve was the site like normal conditions for the sensory fibers.

Thin Fiber Function
Specific evaluation of small fiber function was performed using the thermal test and by measuring detection thresholds for heat, cold, heat pain and cold pain. The measurements were performed in innervation of radial nerve superficial branch bilaterally in spatium interosseus Primum.

For patient 1 showed thin fiber study normal and right side detection thresholds for hot and cold bilaterally, but slightly reduced sensitivity to be cold. The detection threshold for cold was of 29.9 ° C on the left side, compared with 30.9 ° C on the right side; heat pain threshold on the affected left side was 47.9 ° C, compared to 44.2 º C in the healthy hand. In addition, it was demonstrated kulde allodynia on the left side of the cold pain threshold 18.1 ° C, the normally below 10 º C on the right side.

For patient 2, there were greatly reduced sensitivity to both heat and cold on the right side compared to the left, with a heat detection threshold of 45.2 º C on the right, the normal 33.9 ° C on the left and cold detection threshold of 18.9 º C on the right side, compared to 30.8 ° C on the left side. Heat pain was abolished on the right, i.e. above 50 ° C, while it was normal on the left side (38.9 ° C). We found no kulde allodynia.

Interpretation of findings
For patient 1 interpreted the findings at the thermal test of involvement of the afferent fibers of small, predominantly of the afferent C-fibers are responsible for some heat pain, but perhaps also a slight affection of the afferent Aδ-fibers that are responsible for cold detection. It was also shown a hypersensitivity to cold, which could indicate an injury of some thin fibers, although the mechanisms of kulde allodynia not yet been fully clarified.

For patient 2 was the damage of thin fibers with a more pronounced involvement of both the hot and cold mediating pain mediating afferent C-fibers and the refrigerants to A-fibers. Despite normal findings on nerve conduction had on clinical grounds and based on a thermal test a lesion of the radial nerve. Pain picture, with simultaneous signs of autonomic dysfunction, led him to fulfill the criteria for complex regional pain syndrome type 2, formerly called causalgia.

Talk
They spoke of the patients were awake during the procedure, and insert reacted instantaneously with pain. Typically, local pain or radiating nerves throughout the supply area, there is the reason to recall that anesthetized patients will not be able to react.

Both patients developed symptoms and clinical and neurophysiological findings indicating damage of radial nerve. The clinical picture may give the appearance of damage to the thick, myelinised nerve fibers with reduced sensitivity to light touch. Affections of these cases were not of such as degree that it affected the results are nevrografi. There is also a reason to recall that nerve conduction is a rough survey, where only evaluates the function of the thick myelinated nerve fibers. Specific investigation (e.g. Thermal test) is required to detect damage to the thin nerve fibers.

Effects of nerve
Put in the nerve structures can lead to prolonged renal sensory function and severe pain conditions. As far as we know, there is no prevalence of nerve damage after cannulation of peripheral veins or arteries. A survey showed transient nerve injury in 1.7% of patients before surgery had a nerve plexus blockade. There is the reason to expect under reporting. The risk of injury has been shown to increase the injection of local anesthetic directly into the nerve. Nerve damage in general is a relatively common cause of peripheral neuropathic pain. Few studies have been published, but the incidence is 2.5 - 5.0% and up to 22.9%.

Patient 1 will most likely not develop chronic neuropathic pain. The spontaneous pain was in decrease a month after the injury, but she had persistent pressure-induced pain. The second example shows that similar damage of the radial nerve, triggered by kanye inserts, can give rise to chronic and debilitating pain.

It is thought that prolonged pain following a bite of a nerve due to damage of thin myelinated, nociceptive C-fibers. It is very rare that the nerve damage of pure thick fiber involvement causing pain. To confirm this hypothesis, one must examine the patients with and without pain after nerve injury. Very few such as studies have been performed, but in a study of patients with damage to the cranial nerves, the authors found no difference in the small fiber function on the affected side between patients with and without pain. Nevertheless, assume that the damage of nociceptive fibers is a prerequisite for the development of pain. Hyperexcitability of pain fibers (i.e., spontaneous combustion or spontaneous onset of action potentials) are believed to be the most common cause of pain after nerve injury.

The method that is used clinically for the detection of thin fiber's outcomes, has its limitations and will not be able to detect the failure and damage to the nerve fibers responsible for pain. This applies to both skin biopsies with detection of the density of thin fibers in the epidermis and the thermal test for the detection of renal function of the temperature mediating afferent nerve fibers. In anticipation of the new methods will still be needed for the detection of small fiber damage with the methods, we have been available. For the individual patient may be important to document nerve damage, especially where conventional nerve conduction is normal.

Cholesterol Function

2012-02-25T20:19:00.000-08:00

Cholesterol Function

Cholesterol, essential organic compound belonging to fats, lipids, and who have a so-called steroid skeleton ( steroid ) in its chemical structure.

Cholesterol is found in many parts of animal and human organism, including in most of the body cell membranes (membranes), both those that surround the cells and those found in these. Some places are cholesterol as such, but it is stored and transported predominantly in esterified form, which cholesteryl.

Formation and function
Most of the organism's cells produce cholesterol, so we do not rely on to get the drug supply. In cells synthesized cholesterol from acetyl coenzyme A in a process that has 20-30 enzymatic steps. Cholesterol is also supplied through food, in amounts that depend on diet composition.

Cholesterol has several functions in the organism, including important component of cell membranes. It further involved in the transport of blood fats, and it is a precursor in the formation of both steroid hormones (sex hormones and adrenal corticosteroids) that of bile acids and vitamin, D.

Cholesterol in the blood
Admissions, transport and storage of fats (lipids) takes place through a series of complicated processes, in which cholesterol in several places played an important role. Lipids, which are insoluble in aqueous solutions, such as blood plasma, blood must be transported together with other materials. This happens in so-called lipoproteins, which is a kind of small "package" with an inner portion, including contains cholesteryl and an outer sheath with both cholesterol and protein. It is in these lipoproteins, of which there are several types, most of the blood cholesterol present and measured.

Two of the most important blood-transporting lipoproteins is LDL (LowDensity Lipoprotein, the "bad" cholesterol) and HDL (HighDensity Lipoprotein, the "good" cholesterol). LDL and HDL together constitute the bulk of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol in the blood given as mmol / l, and normal values in adults can be 4-6. Previously, cholesterol in the blood indicated as mg / dl and corresponding normal asset value was 150-250.

Cholesterol, health and disease
Cholesterol turnover plays a role in several disease states. Much cholesterol excreted in bile and gall stones consist largely of cholesterol. In certain diseases, eg. diabetes and hypothyroidism , the amount of cholesterol in the blood may be increased as a result of the disease. There are also conditions of inherited, significantly elevated cholesterol levels in the blood.

Much attention is focused on the role cholesterol plays in the development of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), the compound found in the deposits that form in blood vessel's walls. Empirically, there is a correlation between cholesterol in the blood and the likelihood that it will develop symptomatic atherosclerosis, with eg. angina pectoris or myocardial infarction . The likelihood of such a disease is greater the higher the cholesterol level is, even though at high levels only is someone who develops the disease. Many factors other than cholesterol (eg. Smoking, high blood pressure) seems to be in when it comes to diseaseing risk.

Cholesterol levels in the blood is again from experience, depending on the diet containing cholesterol and fat in general, especially when saturated fat. A sustained high intake of saturated fat leads to increased cholesterol in the blood. Unsaturated fats do not have the same effect, and is therefore, beneficial in food. Saturated fats are found mostly in milk and milk products, margarine and hard in animal meat, while unsaturated fats found in vegetable oils and in fish and sea creatures. In particular, cholesterol-rich food sources are milk fat, egg yolks and offal.

With our Western dietary habits to cholesterol in the blood, which is low in infants, increasing to adulthood and be relatively high compared with that in populations with other dietetic habits. In southern Japan, where the diet contains little fat, so middle-aged men's average cholesterol levels 40% lower than in men of similar age in Oslo.

Measurement of cholesterol
The relationship between cholesterol levels and the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease has made it plain with measure cholesterol in the blood of many adults. Assessments of the level and by what measures, if any, recommended is dependent on the person's age, as young people often are somewhat lower in level than the older. A common view is that it is good for total cholesterol in the blood of adults is less than five mmol / l located above this level, given often dietary advice, including in less intake of cholesterol-rich food sources of fat and in general, especially saturated fat. The higher your cholesterol level is, the more important it is to bet on the expensive side. At high values (6-7 mmol / l), and especially at very towering (above eight mmol / l), is often recommended as well as use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, as there are several. In assessing the level of cholesterol in blood is not only the total amount of important, but also the relationship between HDL and LDL. The larger share of total cholesterol posed by HDL, the better it is estimated that person's situation to be.

Cholesterol Definition

2012-02-21T07:46:00.000-08:00

Cholesterol Definition

Cholesterol
Fatty substance that belongs to the sterols. Cholesterol is found in all cell types and used in the body, including the production of bile acids and steroid hormones. It is included as a component of cell membranes. The synthesis of cholesterol in the body is carefully regulated. Cells that supplied cholesterol, reduces its own synthesis. From the food supplied cholesterol from animal foods such as eggs, meat and offal, butter, milk and milk products. Nevertheless, the cholesterol from your diet is a relatively small part of the overall cholesterol turnover in the body. In the blood, cholesterol works with the proteins in the transport of fat the formation of lipoprotein is.

High blood cholesterol is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Amount to particular type of fat in the diet is consequential for cholesterol in the blood. There is a strong correlation between the intake of hard fat (the sum of saturated fat and trans fat), serum cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) and incidence of myocardial infarction. A change of diet's fat intake, ie a reduction of saturated fat and an increase of unsaturated fats, lowers the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood and reduces the risk of heart attack.

There are a number of drugs that lower a cholesterol level in blood (like statins).

Tonsils Bad Breath

2012-02-19T16:39:00.000-08:00

Tonsils Bad Breath

Bad breath, the common term for a state with fetid breath.

Causes
Bad breath occurs as a symptom of many diseases. It can either be about local diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach or upper and lower respiratory tract, or system diseases and poisoning.

In about 90% of cases the cause of the mouth it can be about poor oral hygiene, dental caries (cavities) and inflammation of the gums (gingivitis both acute and chronic periodontitis). The bad smell is due, mostly evaporation of sulfur compounds resulting from bacterial protein degradation. Of plaque and tongue back and dry mouth is important causes of bad breath. When food gets stuck between defective teeth and broken down by bacteria in the mouth, the exhaled a putrid odor, seeping blood from inflamed gum's often unpleasant odor. Patients rarely even notice the smell, but it may be accompanied by a bad taste in your mouth. When bad breath should always first consult your dentist. Some may even imagine that they have bad breath and no reason to avoid other people. In rare cases, large due to the dreadful spirit of a tumor in the mouth where there is dead tissue, and bacteria grow on the surface. The smell can also come from a chronic tonsillitis (tonsillitis) or from an inflammation of the nasal sinuses. Then pus drained out into the stomach compartment. At a special form of chronic nesekatarr, ozoena or stinknese, creating a sweet smelling discharge. Because the patient's sense of smell is lost at the same time, only the surroundinges that are disturbed by the stench.

Among the diseases of the lower respiratory tract that can cause bad breath to include bronchiectasis. The smell is caused when the rotting slime. By lung, abscess developed vevshenfall and suppuration a very penetrating odor.

Bad breath originating from the digestive tract, usually caused by expansion of the esophagus, where food particles can get caught and go to decay. A more rare cause is diseases where the food stagnates in the stomach while a lack of stomach acid also gives bacteria the ability to multiply in the stomach contents. Gastritis, dyspepsia and reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus may be accompanied by halitosis, and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori plays a role in some people. Bowel disorder, eg. inflammatory bowel disease, accompanied occasionally by bad breath.

Halitosis can also be caused by bad-smelling substances that are brought around the body with the blood, is excreted in the lungs. The system disease is often very characteristic smell and was previously the important diagnostic aid to the doctor. Acetone odor indicates very serious complications of diabetes, and ammonia odors indicate kidney failure. When liver failure is a characteristic sweetish odor. Odor of bitter almonds may be the symptom of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid (potassium cyanide). Rare metabolic disorders (eg. trimethylaminuria) can cause halitosis. Diet (garlic, low carbohydrate content), alcohol and smoking affect the smell of exhaled.

Treatment
Treatment directed at the cause of bad breath. Usually, there will be about improving the cleaning of teeth, spaces between the teeth, tongue and any prostheses, and treatment of the gum disease dentists. Mouth Chicks with chlorhexidine may help, but can cause discoloration of the teeth and tongue, if dry mouth is recommended to drink more water, use sugar-free lozenges or artificial saliva.

Branchial Cyst Symptoms

2012-02-19T16:08:00.000-08:00

Branchial Cyst Symptoms

Branchial Cyst, fluid-filled cavity that is residual after fetal life gill furrows. Most common in front of or below the upper part of the large sloping neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid muscle). Often appear in young adults in connection with the throat infection (tonsillitis). The treatment is surgical removal.

Acute Tonsillitis

2012-02-16T19:41:00.000-08:00

Acute tonsillitis

What is Tonsillitis? is collective term for various inflammations of the tonsillar one. Tonsillitis can be acute or chronic.

Acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis acuta) occurs most commonly in children over two years and adolescents. This is due to the lymphatic tissue is begins to shrink after puberty.

CAUSES AND PREVALENCE
Inflammation may be caused by bacteria or viruses. The best-known throat inflammation is bacterial infection beta hemolytic streptococcus is group A, the physician can demonstrate by means of a rapid test.

A viral infection that usually also cause symptoms from the tonsils, is infectious mononucleosis , which attacks the lymphatic system in general. It is usually benign, but the recovery phase is longer than the bacterial tonsillitis.

SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of tonsillitis are fever and pain on swallowing. The pain often draws from the throat and up to both ears. The temperature is usually between 38 ° C and 40 ° C. Tonsils are swollen, red and yellow coating, and lymph nodes of the neck behind the jaw angle is almost always swollen and tender.

THE DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis is made as a rule on the basis of medical history and inspection of the palate tonsils. The marked symptoms are common to do a rapid test in the pus from the tonsils to determine whether inflammation caused beta hemolytic streptococci.

TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS
If the throat inflammation caused by hemolytic streptococci, disease is the patient with penicillin for ten days. If the throat pain is expressed, the patient can take an analgesic drug, for example. paracetamol .

Complications of

acute tonsillitis are rare and include neck abscess (peritonsillar abscess), rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.

PROGNOSIS
If symptoms are moderate and there are signs of complications, the disease is often cured in a week's time.

Chronic tonsillitis
Chronic tonsillitis (tonsillitis Chronica) is most common in adolescents and young adults. The condition is characterized generally by frequent episodes of acute tonsillitis or longer periods of throat pain and moderate fever.

TREATMENT
One can treat chronic tonsillitis with a longer course of antibiotics. If treatment provides significant improvement, you can remove the tonsils surgically.

How to deal with Acne

2012-02-12T09:42:00.000-08:00

How to deal with Acne

As we all know, there are emotional effects caused by acne. More than red-light bumps on the face, there are the acne effects that cannot be cured several creams or emotional scars left by acne.

In good health, there is no expert dermatologist or doctor to give you the best answer to the problem of acne.

According to the fact of studies, acne is awfully common issue when you're in their teens. For teenagers there will be pain, acne, it is very difficult to deal with the social impacts of acne.

There are these marks of depression, self-pity and even shame. Being a parent of your teenager who has this difficulty could be one of the supreme help out. What may I do? You can do many things.

Be reminiscent of your child who acne is impermanent.

While the guardian, you must always there and encourage your child. Probably, it is so low, because the means people and criticisms of her or his grip. Tell him it will not last long and will be successfully overcome. Never stop explaining the meaning of progress, despite the negative reactions of others through their words are not important.

Take good care of the child to a dermatologist for acne.

Do not wait for their teenage acne problem to get worse before they see a dermatologist. The sooner the better, it can be very nice, but true and to realize the truth about this. You need to find a dermatologist who deserves your trust. Being a child, if you visit a dermatologist. Furthermore, help your child follow the instructions and guideline's dermatologist.

Guide your child to do well on acne, it is recommended.

There are some things or acts that may worsen acne. Make sure your child is coming up those who are not what they do and that would only cause negative effects. Explain cause and effect of acne problems and make sure t answer questions that your child has.

Decrease's confident has acne on her face.

Confidence falls when all those mocks and teases to arise. The fact that his son would be bitter. Be there to increase self-esteem, or the inside. Be generous with praise, but do not use them only flatter. Tell your child about how great is his talent. This would lift their morale.

Are you a father, and that can help you feel better your teen through poor judgment of the people with acne? It's just a phase dies in the end. Be there and support your child as if no one could.

Homemade masks against acne

2012-02-11T11:39:00.000-08:00

Homemade masks against acne

Natural treatments for acne

Homemade masks for acne, and are tired of that acne take over your face and do not know how to control it, today we'll show you a natural home treatment consisting of a mask-based brewer's yeast (a few tablespoons) and the necessary water, all interests to mask your acne is to mix the ingredients mentioned above into a paste that is not very washed. Apply on the face and let it dry (15 - 20 minutes). You must rinse in warm water and cold. Take care your face after acne homemade mask with this quick and easy.

Note: For any natural homemade mask, it is always advisable to test anti-allergic in any body part preferably near the back of the ear or neck, if after a few minutes, the skin is red, or feel itchy , wash your face immediately and choose not to apply this mask.

Acne Cysts

2012-02-10T11:36:00.000-08:00

Acne Cysts

Acne, hormone-induced inflammation of the sebaceous glands. Acne is a very common condition, especially during puberty and adolescence, but it can persist for years after that. Acne cannot be found in children before they reach puberty. The exception is children in the first months of life, which can get acne because sebaceous glands are more active then than later in childhood.

Acne Variants
There are several clinical variants of acne. Acne vulgaris is the most common form and consists of comedones and red nodules with or without pus formation in the skin. Pimples are usually limited to the face and upper chest and back, which is the area that has the largest oil production.

Komedonen is also common. This form of acne consists of numerous small comedones and inflammatory changes.

Acne Cystic and Acne fulminans serious forms of acne, which generate large, deep and liquid with inflammatory changes in the face and / or on the chest and back. It can clear up a lot of pus (this polished is sterile). In addition, it can cause sores and scabs, which can lead to significant scarring when they heal.

Iron Deficient Anemia

2012-02-09T08:36:00.000-08:00

Iron Deficient Anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia is the most common cause of anemia that particularly affects women of childbearing age. Young women have a greater need for iron than men because of the additional loss through menstrual blood. It also requires pregnancy and lactation increased supply of iron. Children and youth in growth have large iron needs in relation to energy intake and may therefore be in a danger zone.

Researcher suggests that iron-deficiency anemia affect about. 5% of younger women, which was lower than for just a few decades ago. There are several reasons for this positive development, but the increased use of iron tablets has probably the greatest importance.

Iron-deficiency anemia is a far more serious problem in developing countries than in developed countries, both in terms of occurrence and extent. A general lack of food with low iron content leads to an anemia that can worsen chronic and worms.

Questions about how iron supply can best be increased in groups that may have too little iron supplied through the diet is highly debated. There is little disagreement that the most important measures must be to encourage an increased consumption of iron-rich foods, mainly cereals and wholemeal flour. In country Sweden, sifted flour added iron, while in some country was only goat cheese that is iron fortified. Iron tablets to those who really need extra supplements of iron, seems to be the best solution in addition to a balanced normal diet.

The diagnosis of iron deficiency is made by blood tests. Detection of base serum iron and despicable saturation of the transport protein, transferrin iron deficiency it meant. Another method is the indirect measurement of body iron stores by determining the level of ferritin in the blood. Ferritin consists of a spherical protein shell (apoferritin) that can bind iron, and thereby saves iron in the body. Some of the ferritin "leak" into the blood and the amount of ferritin in the blood correlates well with body iron stores. Values below 10 mcg in the serum of women and 30 micrograms in the serum of men may be perceived as a sign of iron deficiency.

Megaloblastic Anaemia

2012-02-09T08:20:00.000-08:00

Megaloblastic Anaemia

Megaloblastic because the organism does not absorb enough vitamin B 12 or folic acid from the intestine. It might be in rare cases due to extremely low levels in the diet do, dietary habits or poor diet. The most familiar type of Megaloblastic is pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease characterized by cell depletion in gastric hjertelig (atrophic gastritis). Which causes the stomach loses its ability to produce hydrochloric acid and secrete a particular protein - intrinsic factor - which is necessary for efficient absorption of vitamin B 12 at the end of the small intestine.

Beyond the general symptoms of anemia, patients may have nervous system symptoms (numbness in hands and feet), burning tongue (red and smooth) and time disturbances, which become permanent if the patient does not quickly get the right treatment. In the blood, we find a strong reduction of the number of red blood cells, and relatively sizeable number of very large red blood cells.

Diagnosis is made by combined studies of blood and bone marrow sample from the stomach and measurement of the vitamin content of the blood. Pernicious anemia usually occurs in adulthood. The disease led to earlier death within a few years (pernicious means devastating). Now, the disease can be treated effectively with an injection of vitamin B 12 approx. every three months.

What is anemia caused by

2012-02-09T07:44:00.001-08:00

What is anemia caused by

Anemia Causes
The average lifespan of the red blood cells is about 120 days. Every hour is nine billion worn-out red blood cells taken out of circulation and broken down. The organism usually forms the same number of new blood cells in bone marrow, where most of the production of blood cells takes place. A distinction is made between several main causes of anemia:

1. Bleeding Anemia
In a major bleeding occurs an acute shortage of blood. Blood loss must be replaced immediately, otherwise the patient into a life-threatening shock, supported by high blood pressure. The acute and major bleeding condition must immediately be treated with fluids, preferably directly into the bloodstream (blood transfusion). The organism can pretty quickly replace the plasma with tissue fluid that seeps into the blood vessels and may also quickly remedy the loss of white blood cells and plasma proteins. The organism can not increase its production of hemoglobin and red blood cells rapidly. In a liter of blood is the same number of red blood cells that the organism normally produces in a month. Therefore, the recovery time after a severe bleeding anemia demonstrated that slowly improves.

It is characteristic that in this phase can be detected increased numbers of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes). A similar but chronic bleeding-related anemia may be caused by seeping bleeding from internal organs (such as bleeding ulcers), strong, long lasting menstrual bleeding or hemorrhoids.

2. Anemia with impaired production of red blood cells.
Radiation injuries may be the cause of the anemia of this type and also to a number of disorders of the bone marrow, where the production of normal blood cells is reduced or stopped (leukemias and aplastic anemias).

3. Mangelanemier
This is the most common anemia. When a deficiency anemia is the organism loss of another material that is necessary for the production of blood cells. Hit hearing including iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastanemi.

4. Hemolytic anemias
Hemolytic anemia due to red blood cells are destroyed so fast that production is not keeping pace with consumption. Enhanced hemolysis (breakdown of blood cells) seen in hereditary structural defects in red blood cells, after insertion of artificial heart valves, as adverse reactions to the use of certain drugs and in autoimmune conditions. In almost one third of the cases detected no certain explanation. Some important types of anemia does not fit into this classification. On a number of chronic conditions (infections, inflammation, and cancer immunopatier) demonstrated mild to moderate anemia (Hb 12.9 g/100 ml), where the individual red cells can have a normal size and content of hemoglobin. The cause is often multifactorial (lack of iron and vitamin B 12 in particular due. Malabsorption, possibly complicated with increased hemolysis, decreased release of iron from the store, or reduced production of normal red blood cells due. Due to illness, etc.). There are also hereditary conditional errors in the production of hemoglobin.

5. Hereditary anemias contingent
There are forms of inherited anemia, "retreating" (recessive) and resulting from genetic errors in the blood pigment hemoglobin. One category of such anemias (thalassemia) are particularly frequent in Mediterranean countries, another (sickle cell anemia) in Africa.

In thalassemia, the production of hemoglobin defect, and by the severe form (thalassemia major), the patient must regularly receive blood transfusions or undergo a stem cell transplant . New technology has made it possible to determine whether the fetus has genes for thalassemia and other inherited defects in hemoglobin synthesis. Both parents of children with thalassemia in the severe form are carriers of a genetic defect of hemoglobin, but this is balanced by the fact that these people also have a normal gene for the production of hemoglobin. They feel very rarely sick even if they have moderate anemia (thalassemia minor). Average one-quarter of children to two facilities will be disease carriers unit from each parent.

Anemia Signs and Symptoms

2012-02-09T07:41:00.000-08:00

Anemia Signs and Symptoms

Anemia, meaning that too few erythrocytes (red blood cells) circulating around the body. A good indirect measure of the number of erythrocytes is to measure the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb). Anemia is defined as a reduction of hemoglobin below the lower limit of the patient's age and gender. A man is anemic when the Hb falls below 13 g/100 ml, while a woman is anemic when the Hb falls below 12 g/100 ml. Actually, anemia either a diagnosis or disease. Anemia is a sign of disease. The doctor's task is to determine the cause of the patient is anemic. It may be simple, such as when the patient has a bleeding ulcer. Nevertheless, often the cause is far from obvious, and thorough investigations are required.

Symptoms / signs
Moderate anemia can present with the indisposed and decreased endurance. At a more severe anemia, the patient is pale and suffering from fatigue, sleepiness and sometimes headaches. The patient has a tendency to get dizzy (the black spots on the eyes) and to pass out. In severe cases, you get rapid pulse, palpitations, ringing in the ears and shortness of breath because the heart tries to remedy the lack of oxygen by pumping the oxygenated blood around faster.

Cause Acne

2012-02-07T10:03:00.000-08:00

Cause Acne

The cause of acne is a combination of several factors, including increased sebum production is the key. Increased sebum production due to an interaction between the sebaceous glands and the stimulation of androgens (male sex hormones). Hormones that can be converted to b, locally in the sebaceous glands are also found in women. The error is usually not that there are too many androgens, but that an estimated genetic system causes the sebaceous glands to respond particularly strongly to hormonal stimulation.

The first step in the development of acne is the formation of a horn narrowing or "stopper" in sebaceous gland opening, called a mikrokomedon. This leads to the retention of sebum and sebaceous gland. Blocked exit times (comedones) can be seen as black dots (blackheads) or as small bumps in the skin. The inflammation of the glands caused by normal penetrates into the sebaceous glands and breaks down the suet, and that the degradation products of this process come out of the tissue around the sebaceous gland. Degradation products activate the immune system. In this way there arises from an inflammation, possibly with formation of pus that can clear up the skin's surface.

In some cases, acne can be triggered or exacerbated, by the sun, called Mallorca acne or acne summer. Acne can also be triggered by greasy face creams (cosmetic acne), by contact with hydrocarbons (this can be an example. Look at the thighs of asphalt workers), or using certain medications such as cortisone (steroid acne) or anticonvulsants such as barbiturates or hydantoins. It is possible that excessive intake of milk may increase the tendency for acne. Otherwise, studies show that diet is important in acne. Acne is not caused by filth and is not contagious, either from person to person or from the skin site to skin a site. Stress and unhappiness seem to aggravate acne in some patients.

Acne Vulgaris

2012-02-07T09:45:00.000-08:00

Acne Vulgaris

Acne Variants
There are several clinical variants of acne. Acne vulgaris is the most common form and consists of comedones and red nodules with or without pus formation in the skin. Pimples are usually limited to the face and upper chest and back, which is the area that has the largest oil production.

Blackheads are also common. This form of acne consists of numerous small comedones and inflammatory changes.

Acne conglobata and acne cystic serious forms of acne, which generate large, deep and liquid with inflammatory changes in the face and / or on the chest and back. It can clear up a lot of pus (this polished is sterile). In addition, it can cause sores and scabs, which can lead to significant scarring when they heal.

Disease of the Century

2011-12-08T02:31:00.001-08:00

Disease of the Century

Allergies, disease of the century? Some numbers.

It is often said that allergies are the disease of the century, but they exist for a very long time: allergic reactions to wasp stings were already described in the pharaohs. But particularly in the twentieth century that physicians began to learn about these conditions. One thing is certain: they are becoming more frequent, ransom of our changing lifestyles. We are increasingly faced with multiple chemicals, animal ... In addition, very early contacts with many foods are a contributing factor to food intolerance. However, pollution is not responsible for the increased incidence of allergies. It is simply accepted that allergic individuals (including asthma), it is a trigger for seizures.
h1>Disease of the Century
Some figures allergies

There are 2.5 million asthma sufferers.

1 woman in 10 has a contact dermatitis. Of the 4000 identified allergens, the most common is nickel.
10 to 20% of the population has allergic rhinitis.
3.5% of adults and 8% of children suffer from food allergies.

The causes of allergies.

An allergy reflects an overreaction of organization its environment. The allergen-known as the allergy-triggering factor may be of different natures. It may be a food, a particle suspended in the air (pollution, pollen ...), a drug, a chemical ...

In principle, our body is protected from the outside by skin and mucous membranes (respiratory, digestive ..-). For there to be allergic, we must first note that this barrier has been crossed by the allergen. Secondly that the body recognizes it as an adversary. The first time the allergen enters the body (skin, respiratory or gastrointestinal), it is supported by gray cells of the immune system, which will record all its features. The subject feels nothing, but his immune system, it works more than it should. Then, even if the allergen is introduced again in the body's immune cells recognize) and trigger allergies (asthma, eczema, hives ...) by activating antibodies) and / or spatial cells that secrete a substance, histamine. Depending on circumstances, the signs of allergy appear within minutes or days after contact with the allergen.

Parasites in Horses

2011-12-07T23:46:00.001-08:00

Parasites in Horses

Worms

Two broad categories:

The roundworms or nematodes (circular section)

Large strongyles

to the most frequent and most dangerous horse. They occur throughout the year, especially in young horses and adults, they live on pasture or in stables.

Small strongyles

dangerous to increasingly encountered in recent years among young horses, adults and older horses, grazing or at the box.

Strongyloides

primarily affect foals in terms of frequency and severity of the infestation.

Ascaris

concern mainly young horses and can cause more digestive problems, respiratory symptoms.

Pinworms

are found mainly in horses and older adults with access to a box and are often accompanied by an abrasion horsehair tail associated with anal itching

Tapeworms or cestodes (flat section)

Tapeworms

Anoplocephala perfoliata is the most common tapeworm in France. It occurs mainly in autumn and winter and can cause serious digestive problems.

Fly larvae

Bots

Deworming schedule

Mid December - Mid January Flatworms (tapeworms)
Mid March - Mid April Roundworms or nematodes:
Large strongyles - Small strongyles - Ascaris - Pinworms
Mid June - Mid July Roundworms or nematodes:
Large strongyles - Small strongyles - Ascaris - Pinworms
Mid September - Mid October Roundworms or nematodes + bots

Ideally, for optimum protection should be dewormed every 6 weeks.

Hygiene measures

- When deworming, respect the doses
- Worming a horse "newcomer" before introducing the group
- To rotational grazing
- Wash thoroughly boxes at least twice a week to prevent reinfection of horses from the eggs of their own dung
- Treat all horses for the same group at the same time
- Follow a program of annual deworming
- Remove wet areas by drainage

Deworming Dogs

2011-06-03T13:26:00.001-07:00

Deworming Dogs

Deworming of dogs and cats - The different types of worms

Two broad categories:
- Roundworms (ascarids, hookworms, whipworms) - flatworms (tapeworms) Taenia spp, Dipylidium
Roundworms

Description and effects

- The roundworm, roundworms about 10 cm long, mostly infect puppies and kittens. They cause diarrhea, bloating, delayed growth, and decreased immunity.
- Hookworms are worms dangerous but rare. They cause fever and digestive problems (diarrhea, sometimes with the presence of blood)
- Whipworms The worms are most common in adult dogs. Adult whipworms encyst in the large intestine. The eggs can survive outside for several years.

Modes of contamination

- Ascaris: the placenta or breast milk
Ingestion of eggs from the outside.
- Hookworm: larvae penetrate the skin of the dog or cat
Ingestion of eggs
Breast milk
- Whipworms: Ingestion of eggs

Flatworms

Description and effects

The most widespread is the tapeworms Dipylidium.
You can see it when its last segments filled with eggs are present in the stool (like grains of rice)
Cause irritation, the animal rubs against the rear floor, causing food shortages

Modes of contamination

Transmitted by the chip when the animal ingests

Transmission to humans
Roundworms: Possible by roundworms (children playing in the sandbox)
Symptoms: fever, fatigue, impaired growth
Symptoms rarer migrant larvae encyst in the eye or brain.
Tapeworms: The tapeworm can cause zoonoses. The humans become infected by ingestion of eggs released by the dog in the environment, causing disease hydatid cysts (encysted larvae within vesicles, usually in the liver or lungs)

Why deworm regularly?

If the worms are harmful to the health of the animal, but they are rarely detected because the symptoms are often subtle. Furthermore, only the eggs pass in feces, so it is difficult to visualize

Finally, given the risk of zoonoses, deworming should be considered a gesture of Public Health and conducted especially when children are in contact with the animal

When deworm your dog or cat?
Young
15 days to 2 months: 15 days yous 2 months to 6
months: monthly

Adult
After 6 months of age: at least 2 times per year

Breeding female
2 to 3 days before mating 15 days before and after parturition

- We must deworm, preferably before the vaccinations because worm infections can cause a decline in immunity, causing a bad action of the vaccine.
- In the presence of tapeworms (Dipylidium), consider combining flea treatment.
- Dogs and cats do not carry pinworms. The human infections are not of canine and feline

What is angina

2011-06-02T05:18:00.000-07:00

What is angina

Angina or an acute tonsillitis is caused by infection affecting the lymphoid formations of the oropharynx (tonsils). Angina is acute in most cases of viral origin (70 to 80% of cases). If the origin is bacterial, it is generally the beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A.

Symptoms

- A sore throat associated with fever beginning in most cases abruptly.

These can be accompanied by difficulty swallowing.
- Chills, muscle aches, headache

What treatment?

Local treatments (tablets or mouthwashes), which generally contain two active ingredients:
an antiseptic and anesthetic

The treatment should not exceed five days and will not be renewed if no improvement is noted after this period.

Suppositories, bismuth-based and guaifenesin.
Preferred liquid food or ice.

Do not minimize the infection!

If an antibiotic is prescribed:
Observe the number of daily dosing without increasing or decreasing the dose and duration of treatment
If you have a fever or if in doubt, consult your doctor.

Complications

- Cellulitis
- Chronic Obstruction of the oropharynx
Complications due to bacterial tonsillitis:
- Rheumatic fever
- Acute glomerulonephritis

Anemia Questions

2011-06-02T05:16:00.000-07:00

Anemia Questions

What is anemia?

Anemia is the reduction of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. The main cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Iron is a component of hemoglobin.

What are the visible signs of anemia?

The pale complexion and conjunctivitis, excessive fatigue and permanent, when anemia is important, shortness of breath.

How to detect anemia associated with iron deficiency?

A blood test can analyze: the hemoglobin and the determination of iron in reserve.

What are the main causes of iron deficiency?

Situations where there is loss of iron (heavy menstrual bleeding, IUD, blood donations, hiatal hernia, hemorrhoids, ulcers ...)
Situations where the needs are increased (adolescence, pregnancy ...)
Situations where the diet does not provide enough iron (dietary and vegetarian diets, elderly ...)

How to treat anemia due to iron deficiency?

By a daily intake of iron tablets. Treatment should be extended sufficiently to replenish iron stores.

Self-administered questionnaire

1) Do you tan?
Pale (1 point) - Pink (0 points)

2) Have you conjunctiva (edge of the lower eyelid) pale?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

3) Are you pregnant?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

4) Give you your blood?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

5) Are you prone to heavy periods?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

6) Do you feel excessive fatigue?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

7) Do you wear an IUD?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

8) Do you follow a regular diet or vegetarian?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

9) Have you gynecological bleeding between periods?
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

10) Did you cause of gastrointestinal bleeding (hiatal hernia, hemorrhoids, ulcers)
Yes (1 point) - No (0 points)

Results:
Between 7 and 10 points:
You have causses possible iron deficiency anemia, talk to your doctor
Between 3 and 6 points:
It would be preferable to monitor hemoglobin and to know the status of your iron stores by blood tests.
Between 0 and 2 points:
you are not experiencing anemia. Continue to eat foods rich in iron.

Iron in Diet

2011-06-02T05:11:00.001-07:00

Iron in Diet

The iron in the diet
The absorption of iron is much better for food of animal origin, as plant foods.

The body of an adult subject contains about 4g of iron. Iron requirements vary by age between 14 and 50 mg per day. The normal diet provides an average of between 10 and 15 mg of iron per day. Given its reduced absorption and variable depending on the food, it does not cover iron requirements in all cases.

Foods rich in iron (in milligrams per 100 grams)

Clams 26
Moulds 24
Covers 20
Flange 20
Pig liver 13
Cocoa powder 12

Beef Liver 10
Lamb liver 10
Kidneys 10
Beans 9
Beans 7
Lenses 7
Yolk 6
Dried peas 6
Oysters (12) 5.5
Calf liver 5
Nuts 4.5
Beef heart 4
Dried Fruit 3-4
Spinach 4
Beef tongue 3.5
Meat 3
Parsley 3
Whole egg (1) 2.8
Chocolate 2.8
Cress 2.5
Whole wheat bread 2.2
Poultry, game, ham 2
Fish, crustaceans 0.5-2
Wine (100ml) 0.6-1.2

The recommended daily intake of iron
Child 1-12 months 8-10 mg
Children from 1 to 3 years 10 mg
Children 6 to 12 years 14 mg
Teenager 15 mg
Teenager 18 mg
Male adult 16 mg
Male adult 20 mg
Pregnant woman 50 mg
Breastfeeding woman 50 mg

Allergies Tests

2011-06-02T04:56:00.001-07:00

Allergies Tests

Know that you have allergies? Test your knowledge with 12 questions

Questions

1) An allergy is:

A - a psychological reaction to an object, person or animal for which one feels disgust or contempt.
B - an overreaction of our immune system to a foreign substance.

2) If you are allergic to a specific substance ..

A - it would be pure chance that your child will be allergic.
B - there is a risk that your, children are allergic to the same substance.
C - there is a risk that your children are allergic, but obviously the same substance.

3) Can you be allergic to the sun?

A - yes
B - No

4) Can you be allergic to money?

A - Yes
B - No

5) What is an allergic reaction?

A - An allergy that you are more likely than average to start because of your allergy page.
B - An allergy inextricably linked to your main allergy: you are allergic to multiple substances at once.

6) What is an antibody?

A - external substance that causes an allergic reaction when it enters the body.
B - A substance secreted by the body to fight against outside attack.
C - A chemical found in some drugs used in allergy cases.

7) What is a food allergens?

A - A food allergen.
B - An allergen drug
C - A ranking of the major allergens.

8) The strawberry allergy is:

A - most common
B - fairly common
C - rare

9) A rosacea is:

A - A flowering plant whose pollen may be allergenic.
B - A Family Fruit
C - A skin lesion caused by bee venom

10) Can we get to desensitize allergic to bee stings or wasp?

A - Yes
B - No

11) Can we get desensitized to a pet allergy?

A - Yes
B - No

12) Can we get desensitized to food allergy?

A - Yes
B - No

Answers

1 - B

Allergy, in the true sense of the term, is a reaction of our body has a foreign substance wrongly considered by the body as an enemy.

2 - C

There is a risk of genetic transmission of the principle of allergy, ie the right to overreact to an antigen by an abnormal secretion of IgE antibodies. If you are allergic, this does not mean that your children will also necessarily at the same allergen as you. But caution is needed.

3 - B

No, the sun is not allergenic. There is no allergen from the sun that can sensitize the immune system. However, the sun can cause a photoallergic reaction which will transform a substance in the body and make it allergenic. These substances are transformed under the influence of the sun may come from drugs, cosmetics, sunscreens ...

4 -

You can be allergic to nickel used in the manufacture of coins, but also in the jewelry and other fashion accessories (belt buckles, show ..). Nickel allergy is an allergy difficult to detect because it can occur several days after contact with this metal. The areas of the body. monitor are the ears, neck, wrists and hands.

5 -

The cross allergies remain a dark side of the allergy. In some cases, your body secretes IgE and specific enough to react to several allergens are similar. One thing is sure: it's not because you're told that the peanut "cross" with latex or soybeans that you will necessarily have a soy allergy to latex or if you are to peanuts. Stay alert (e) but do not be anxious (e).

6 - B

Antibodies are a key part of our immune system. They have the ability to attract and fix that attack foreign substances our bodies (antigens). Also called immunoglobulin (ig), they are secreted by B lymphocytes our It is their surplus which is implicated in the case of allergy.

7 - A

A food allergens (Greek trophy, "food") is a food substance capable of eliciting an immune response in an allergic person who consumes from the gastrointestinal tract

8 - C

True allergy to strawberries is rare (0.7% of food allergies in adults). However, the strawberry is a food itself rich in histamine, easily contaminated by nickel and histamine libérareur (that is to say who will act on the release of histamines by our immune system). In these capacities, Strawberry is often responsible for "false food allergies" usually resulting in outbreaks of hives. We find the same type of phenomenon with chocolate or tomato.

9 - B

Among the Rosaceae, there are a lot of fruit allergenic or "histamine liberators" as the apple, hazelnut, pear, peach, apricot plum, cherry, raspberry, strawberry ...
Acne rosacea exists but is not due to bee venom.

10 - A

It can be desensitized when you are allergic to wasp venom. This is recommended even if you have a risk of being bitten in remote locations where there are no treatment centers: forest, mountain, boat ... There are even programs accelerated desensitization in a few days.

11 - B

To date, immunotherapy or desensitisation to pet allergens has not been convincing. This may be because too often it is practiced in an environment not "healthy", ie not free from the presence of the allergen.

12 - B

For reasons still unexplained, desensitization to food allergens is largely ineffective Moreover, it is quite dangerous experiments in the United States show a too high rate of severe allergic reactions during desensitization. Yet we hear regularly about the development next to a "peanut vaccine cons.

Questions About Allergies

2011-06-02T04:53:00.001-07:00

Questions About Allergies

Questions and answers about Allergies

Pollution is it responsible for the allergy?

The pollution outside is often accused wrongly of being responsible for the increase in allergies and especially asthma. However, it is true that a peak polutions can promote a crisis in a person already allergic.

Asthma can be cured?

Yes, there are many forms of asthma may improve with age. In addition, if asthma is caused by a specific allergen (eg professional home), just that the subject is no longer in contact with it for it to heal.

The desensitization are effective?

They are very effective in the venom of Hymenoptera (wasps, hornets ...): The success rate is 98%. It is 70% for dust mites and pollens. Desensitization is often disappointing for allergies to animals and molds. Finally, there is no desensitization for food allergies.

Allergy is the family?

Not always, but there are actually allergic families: one speaks of atopy, which is genetic. All family members may not have the same symptoms: the mother may suffer from asthma and children with eczema.

The main clinical signs

Respiratory symptoms (rhinitis, as hay fever, asthma and lung damage).
Causes: pollen, animal dander, dust mites and certain chemicals.

Skin manifestations (eczema, urticaria and angioedema).
Causes: drugs, foods and some chemicals.

More rarely: digestive symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea)

Even more rarely (3.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants): anaphylactic shock. It is the most brutal expression of allergy. Anaphylactic shock begins with a rash on the neck and face, followed by swelling of the eyelids, tongue. In the third case, the patient also suffers from a dry cough. Then there was a drop in blood pressure which can up to cardiac arrest and possibly death. For people who have already presented these symptoms, even in a less spectacular, it is advisable to carry around a syringe of epinephrine self-injection: this simple, provided you do not waste time, can save lives.

Treatment of Allergies

2011-06-02T04:48:00.000-07:00

Treatment of Allergies

Desensitization.

Its principle is to repeatedly bring the body of allergen doses sufficient to raise its defenses, but too low to trigger an allergy. The body gradually gets used and considered less of the allergen as an enemy against which he must respond.

The drug allergy.

They reduce the symptoms of allergy attack, or prevent recurrences. Corticosteroids act primarily through their anti-inflammatory effect. They are administered systemically (in tablet or injection) or, limiting their side effects, topical (inhaled or oral nasal cream or ointment). Antihistamines antagonize the effects of histamine, a substance liberal SOE during allergic reactions. Effective in treating the symptoms of rhinitis and urticaria but also have a preventive action. Cromolyn sodium, it blocks the release of histamine and thus acts at the beginning of the crisis, even preventively. Treatment of asthma is also using other classes of drugs (anti-leukotrienes, betamimetics, theophylline). Finally, the emergency treatment of severe allergy (anaphylactic shock) is based on adrenaline.

Food for Allergies

2011-06-02T02:25:00.001-07:00

Food for Allergies

3.5% of the adult population suffers from food allergies. In children, this proportion is close to 8% and has doubled in 5 years. More worrying is the increase in the frequency of anaphylactic shock: these severe allergies (with generalized urticaria, swelling of the neck and choking), which are foodborne in 14% of cases, have quintupled in 10 years. The offending food is not always easy to identify: how to know that there are peanuts in baby care creams, kiwi small pots of years ...

The symptoms most often appear immediately (within minutes or seconds) after food intake. They may involve itching of the palate, lips or throat, swelling of lips, tongue or pharynx, rhinitis, conjunctivitis or asthma. I t can also be an attack of generalized urticaria, an angioedema, anaphylactic shock. Manifestations of chronic eczema are also possible, especially in children. Thus, in infants younger than 1 year, a quarter of generalized eczema are due to peanuts. Peanut tops the list of foods implicated in small, by its frequency and severity. Other foods most allergenic in children are egg, milk, mustard and fish. In adults, it is in order, sesame, fish and peanut. The association with an allergy to pollen or latex is common.

If the doctor can often recognize an allergy by clinical examination and examination of his patient, additional tests are sometimes needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the list of offending allergens. Blood samples, assaying certain antibodies may indicate an allergic and direct them to one or more allergens. These can also be tested directly: on the skin, respiratory tract ... The idea is to see if they trigger the same experimental re action that the patient presented spontaneously. In general, we test a battery of products: those who are suspected in the case of the patient and a series of standards called allergens, that is to say in often implicated in allergies.

There are two types of skin tests, prick tests and patch tests. For prick tests, the allergist injected very low doses of allergens under the skin at the arms, and it checks after about twenty minutes if some bites trigger inflammation. The patch tests them, performed in the plating substances on the skin at the back. The local reaction is checked after 48 hours.

Making Healthy Food Choices

2011-06-02T02:12:00.001-07:00

Making Healthy Food Choices

Tips for making some food

Drink:

It is absolutely not recommended to eat during treatment. Indeed, certain drugs inhibit the degradation of alcohol that can cause facial flushing, vomiting, headache and tachycardia. Do not forget that some syrups, ampoules or drinkable drops may contain. Its sedative effect is further enhanced by the central nervous system drugs (antidepressants, antihistamines, barbiturates, hypnotics, opiates ...)

Baby:

The drugs are administered preferably before the meal (when he is hungry!). If he must take several medications, it is advisable to wait several minutes between each to avoid the risk of vomiting. Moreover, it is not recommended to mix the milk bottle because the baby can not absorb all that is the intended dose. A solution and mix in a little water or sauce.

Pop:

They are not recommended for medication because they accelerate gastric emptying and have been implicated in the degradation of active ingredients (sodium valproate).

Coffee:

Certain drugs slow the hepatic metabolism of caffeine in the body which can cause side effects: palpitations, insomnia ...

Milking:

The calcium in dairy products is suceptible to form complexes with many non-equivalent drugs that must be administered over 3 hours away from a milk drink.

Vegetable and meat:

Green leafy vegetables, beef and pork contain vitamin K, patients treated with anticoagulants must be to be vigilant. People taking oral anticoagulants should also be eaten in moderation.

Wholemeal bread:

It contains phytic acid which reduces the absorption of cations (zinc and calcium in particular). Care must be taken to wait at least 2 hours after consumption for taking minerals.
Tea:

Some substances it contains form nonabsorbable complexes with salts of iron, so drink to avoid taking medications containing iron.

Food and Drugs

2011-06-01T08:32:00.001-07:00

Food and Drugs

Food and Drugs Importance of making time

This is an important aspect of the administration of oral medications. Restrictions on the medication in relation to meals based on two principles:

Ensuring Efficiency:

The meal can influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs. The amendments are multiple (absorption rate, peak serum, gastric emptying, metabolism) and may be accompanied by a change in bioavailability. Any changes in bioavailability may influence drug efficacy.

Improve the digestive tolerance:

Taking certain medications with meals designed to improve gastrointestinal tolerance. This is particularly true of anti-inflammatory agents, certain antibiotics, etc. .. On the other hand, some drugs that act in the gastrointestinal tract are the subject of specific recommendations regarding their decision or not with a meal (eg, antacids, digestive enzymes, antifungal ...)

Examples of drugs whose absorption is modified by intestinal food

Reduced absorption
∙ Penincilline, tetracyclines (if simultaneous absorption of dairy products)
∙ Acetylsalicylic acid
∙ Levodopa
∙ Theophylline (if simultaneous absorption of protein)
∙ Sotalol

Delayed absorption
∙ Cephalosporins (if simultaneous absorption of dairy products)
∙ Erythromycin
∙ Sulfonamides
∙ Furosemide
∙ Cimetidine
∙ Digoxin (if absorption of too much fiber)
∙ Ibuprofen

Increased absorption
∙ Griseofulvin (if simultaneous absorption of fat)
∙ Nitrofurans (however diminished if taken on an empty stomach)
∙ Diazepam
∙ Hydrochlorothiazide
∙ Lithium (however diminished if taken on an empty stomach)
∙ Propranolol (a reduction of the effect of first pass metabolism)
∙ Metoprolol
∙ Phenytoin (through enzyme induction)

Drug and Food

2011-06-01T08:26:00.001-07:00

Drug and Food

Food and Drugs What you should know
You've probably already noticed that the medication was not done at any time of day or meal. Indeed, interactions between elements in foods and ingredients that contain drugs are complex and are not neglected.
Some foods may cancel or enhance the effect of drugs.

Few dentists recommend to their patients not to drink coffee before a local anesthetic. This stimulant can make stunning yet difficult or impossible. Many food-drug interactions are not well known to the public. But do not hesitate to ask your doctor or pharmacist can advise you or inform you.

Thus, the spinach does not do well with oral anticoagulants (blood thinners), coffee blends well with theophylline (asthma), bananas, with some treatments of hypertension (see the list of foods rich in potassium and low sodium ), some cheeses and sausages, with antidepressants Imao.

These negative associations are also the subject of a pamphlet of the American League consumers (National Consumers League), the French health authorities would do well to emulate.

It was recently discovered that certain foods disrupt the metabolism of anesthetics and muscle relaxants used in general anesthesia. The work of Jonathan Moss (University of Chicago, USA) showed that the potatoes (unpeeled above) and omelettes contain glycoalkaloids, substances which, even several days after being ingested, inhibit the enzymes responsible for degrading anesthetics and the patient wakes up less quickly.

What is Acne

2011-06-01T08:00:00.001-07:00

What is Acne

Acne is a skin disease caused by inflammation of hair follicles (pores where a hair) and sebaceous glands (see the image of the structure of the skin ).

Who is affected?

Complications?

It is a very common condition. About 80% of teenagers are concerned, mostly male, 10% requiring medical care and 1% of them undergoing therapeutic disorders. However it can be found at all ages: newborns, prepubertal children and adults (mostly in women at this time) may be affected.

A rare complication exists, however: Acne rheumatism which affects the insertion points éphiphysaires tendons, ligaments and joint capsules, which causes destruction of bone at the insertion points generally followed by ankylosis of the joint due to calcification of ligaments. This acne treatment justifies the background. Acne usually develops in specific areas like the face, back or chest.

Description of acne.

The sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance that gives elasticity to the skin. If oil production is too high, the pores become clogged. Comedones and microcysts are formed. When closed, they are called whiteheads. When skin pores are open, comedones become black due to oxidation of sebum on contact with air. These are the famous spots. This type of mild to moderate acne, non-inflammatory, can be cured by local treatment. It happens that some anaerobic bacteria (not supporting oxygen), normally present in hair follicles, multiply abnormally. Then triggers inflammation and blackheads develop into papules (1-4 mm) or pustules (pimples containing pus). If the inflammation worsens, these pustules can develop into nodules or cysts, severe inflammatory lesions. This is a moderate to severe acne and inflammation that can leave scars, microcratères, scars raised or at worst a pockmarked appearance.
Acne is not contagious.

Structure of the skin:

The causes of acne.

Research shows that acne is directly related to heredity and adolescence. Indeed, this disease mainly affects adolescents and young adults up to age 25. Acne can last from 3 to 5 years.

Hormonal causes:

It is known that androgens (sex hormones) play a role in the development of acne because they increase the secretion of sebum. During adolescence, boys are often more severely affected than females because they produce 10 times more androgens. By contrast to adulthood, women have acne breakouts often occur cyclically, depending on the time of the menstrual cycle and some birth control pills can cause. Steroid use (to increase muscle mass) is also a risk factor.

The use of cosmetics:

Some cosmetics aggravate or cause acne because they are comedogenic (favor the appearance of blackheads): soap, shaving the hair oil, excessive use of soaps and disinfectants, greasy creams. Above all, we need to clean the skin with soap or acid lotion and sun avoidance. The boys should shave the electric razor. Station to the myth! Neither chocolate or french fries, sweets or cakes do not cause acne. There is no need to starve yourself!

The characteristics of the skin:

Besides hormones, it seems that the essential factor is the thickness of the skin. The more the skin is thin, less likely to clog pores. All that is irritating helps thicken the skin and therefore promotes blackheads and acne: the sun, sweat, chlorine, and cleanings strippers too. The sun is particularly treacherous because it improves temporarily the appearance of the skin. But after the holidays, the buttons are multiplying! Indeed, if the UV rays have an anti-inflammatory thickening of the stratum corneum causes a pop deeper comedones and microcysts resulting in the recurrence of problems as soon as the top layer of skin thins.

The treatment of acne.

All medical treatments require several weeks or months before giving results. They only work if used regularly. In case of minor acne, topical therapy is considered. In cases of acne average, resistant to local treatment or severe, a systemic treatment is then adopted.

Topically (when acnelegere to moderate):

Retinoids:
They are used in the case of non-inflammatory acne and fight against the formation of comedones by normalizing follicular hyperkeratosis. Treatment duration varies from 3 to 5 months, beginning with the risk of escalation, however, we see an improvement after 6 weeks of tretinoin traitement.La in part, it speeds up the renewal of skin cells. Quite irritating, this treatment requires patience to be able to find the right dosage. Several months are needed before a complete result. It also has a smoothing effect wrinkle!

The antibacterial premises:
They do not fight against blackheads and are therefore inactive on non-inflammatory acne. They are mainly used in mild to moderate inflammatory acne. The improvement occurs within 3 to 4 weeks. However we can extend the treatment beyond 4 to 6 months to avoid bacterial resistance referred. The topical antibiotics like clindamycin, erythromycin reduce bacterial infection.

Benzoyl peroxide:
It penetrates deeply into the skin and kills bacteria that cause acne. It dries and reduces the thickness of the skin, releasing the blocked follicles. However, it is very irritating and makes peeling. It is better to choose the lowest dose (2.5%) to be as effective against bacteria but less irritating. Attention, we must let it dry before getting dressed, this product whitens clothes.

Salicylic acid:
when benzoyl peroxide is poorly supported, it is an attractive alternative. This product does not attack the bacteria but it thins the thickness of the epidermis and helps deep clean pores.

Systemically (in case of moderate to severe acne)

Oral antibiotics:
They work during the inflammatory phase of acne, they inhibit the proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, bacterial lipases and reduces the concentration of free fatty acids. One can cite in this category tertracycline, erythromycin and minocycline. The treatment duration is at least 3 months.

Isotretinoin:
In very severe cases of acne, this product has transformed the lives of many acne. Known under the name Accutane ©, its action is spectacular and rule 80% of cases in 6 months. Sebum production, the formation of blackheads and bacteria growth are reduced in the first weeks of treatment. Although highly effective, dermatologist does prescribe it only after the failure of antibiotic treatment because of side effects: Pregnancy is strictly prohibited throughout the treatment because isotrétinoïde causes severe abnormalities in the fetus. It can also cause dryness of the lips, skin and eyes, joint pain and headaches. These side effects are reversible upon discontinuation of treatment.

Veins in Question

2011-05-30T10:59:00.000-07:00

Veins in Question

Like many people, you sometimes complain of your legs. Whether painful heaviness, tingling, discomfort, redness, swelling ankles, shooting ... All these common manifestations are often related to poor blood circulation.

How blood circulates through the veins you it?

Blood, propelled by the heart, travels through our arteries to all of our organs it irrigates.
From there, he returned to the heart through the veins and is the "flow back".
In arteries, the heart is the main driver of traffic.
For veins, it is otherwise.
Indeed, while standing, the "gravity" slows the blood circulation going back to the heart. Thanks in part to the action of the calf muscles, "real muscle pump, the blood returns to the heart.
That's why walking is an exercise very conducive to the smooth functioning of the venous circulation, while the immobility it is harmful.

How the veins of our legs?

The veins of our legs are organized into two networks:
- A network of deep veins concealed within the muscles and therefore invisible;
- A network of superficial veins, sometimes visible under the skin where they appear as bluish nets.
These two networks communicate freely with each other by many trade routes.
So that the blood does not flow back under the influence of gravity when we stand, the entire venous system of the legs is equipped with a system of anti-reflux valves very powerful.

Why venous circulation disorders superficial?

In some circumstances the valves are no longer watertight veins suffer and settle problems. It is helpful to fully understand the factors responsible for these disorders: some jobs require prolonged standing and motionless ironers, nurses, stewardesses, dentists, ... working stand and walk little, often suffer from circulatory problems.

For similar reasons, trampling, sedentary lifestyle, long distance travel by plane, train or bus have the same effect.

The woman's hormonal cycle and its variations may also be responsible for discomfort of venous origin.
Constipation is detrimental to proper functioning of your venous circulation because it causes an increase in abdominal pressure that comes thwart the return of venous blood to the heart.

Prolonged exposure to heat in the legs also affects traffic: sunbathing, heating ... cars have the same negative repercussions.

Why you?

One in two women and one third of French people suffer from their legs. The inheritance plays in important role. If your mother or your relatives (grandmothers, aunts, sisters ...) or have varicose veins complain of their legs, you're more likely to suffer too.

Pregnancy and other critical periods of female life (puberty, contraception, menopause) also play an important role and may cause the appearance of venous disorders in women previously unaffected, they aggravate the condition of those who already suffering.

Some other factors promote the emergence or aggravation of disorders, especially if combined together: heat, physical inactivity, excess weight or constipation. They should know because it is possible to fight them to limit their effects.

What symptoms should alert you?

The heaviness of the legs is one of the complaints the earliest and most frequent
It is often associated with other disorders: tingling, discomfort, redness, swelling of the ankles ...
Varicose veins and small dilated veins (spider veins) are the most visible signs, but it is not desirable to wait until they are installed to bother.

If you do not know what attitude to adopt, please ask your pharmacist for advice.

How to treat?

From the early troubles, even discrete, it is useful to make the right decisions, especially if you have any fears of a personal or familial predisposition.

Hygienic rules - simple and effective diet is a good way to fight against suffering vein.
Your pharmacist is well placed to advise you and, if deemed necessary, to suggest that you consult a doctor.
In any case, prevention is better than cure.

Some "good advice for bad legs" to help you reduce risk.

What good habits to adopt?

To ease your discomfort and reduce the discomfort they cause, you must promptly adopt good habits:

Struggle against the sedentary lifestyle and sport:

Walking (with shoes with heels wide and not more than 4 cm in height, whose sole resists twisting) is the exercise of choice to activate blood circulation. It should go a good distance each day, not a walking, alert and supported, to remove an appreciable benefit.
Avoid trampling, window shopping "
Sports peaceful: Swimming, cycling, gymnastics practiced "soft" are also recommended.
Everyone can choose their own pace, frequency and schedules.

The rest of the legs:

- Avoid aggravating factors of venous pain: heat, physical inactivity, overweight, constipation ...
- Remember to walk, move, prefer the movement to immobility, climb the flights of stairs rather than lift
- Refresh your legs by cool showers
- Elevate the foot of your bed (with a wedge of 15 cm at least)
- Low comfort today seyants enough, are comfortable to wear. They will be more effective if you take the precaution of putting them on before getting up and keep them all day.

Massages legs

From the warm season, when your legs are heavy, painful, take care of the massage, morning and evening with a soothing cream, apply it by gentle massage, ascending from the feet to the knees.

A diet selected

-Choose preferably a diet based on fruits and vegetables rich in fiber and vitamins
- Drink plenty of fluids (1.5 liter of water per day)
- Avoid heavy meals, rich or too little digestible

Good "forms"

- Overweight and overweight increasing the disadvantages for your blood circulation and exacerbate the symptoms of suffering venous
- Lose excess pounds and watch your line, if you have your legs

What habits should I fight?

It is good to follow some simple rules to keep the legs "no worries"

Sedentary and standing

It is essential if your business forces you to stay long standing, stretch your legs in the day, at least every two hours. Practice the movements of the feet and ankles or walk a few steps, a rapid pace.

Sports to master

The practice of certain sports can expose your venous system with an increased risk:
- Sports of high competition,
- Violent sports like tennis or squash,
- Team sports (football, handball, basketball ...), where you may be hit ...
- Combat Sports submitting the venous system to the test.

Attention to heat

The heat does not promote blood circulation: it actually causes a dilation of superficial venous system and therefore a slowdown in traffic at this level. To reduce the effects, keep your legs from heat.
-Avoid sun beds, hot baths, the floor heating, heating in the car ... Feel free to use the cold shower.

No tight clothing

Tight clothes "jeans" narrow boots, garters ... be avoided if suffering vein: they impede traffic and are aggravating factor.

What medical treatments?

Some drugs have a role to strengthen the "tone" of your veins and reduce discomfort. Do not use medicines without expert advice: Take advice from your pharmacist or doctor.

What is Homeopathy

2011-05-30T10:53:00.001-07:00

What is Homeopathy

FAQs on Homeopathy
What are the application areas of homeopathy?
Homeopathy provides a therapeutic response to most common diseases. Homeopathic treatment can also often limit their recurrence. b have no toxic chemicals or use known-cons. Ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Homeopathic medicines act quickly?
Employees in acute diseases, homeopathy can be very rapid action, especially if the drugs are taken at the first symptoms. The treatment of chronic or recurrent seeks longer supported.

Homeopathic and allopathic treatments are compatible?
There is no indication of the cons-simultaneous intake of allopathic and homeopathic. Your doctor may prescribe these medications alone or in supplements, according to your needs.

What does CH
CH centesimal Hahnemanienne means. It indicates that the drug was prepared according to the method of preparation of the one hundredth dilution. Your doctor or pharmacist carefully chosen dilution, it is important to respect it.

How to take a homeopathic medicine?
For the tube of granules, a decision is usually made up of 5 pellets. The contents of a dose (about 200 cells) is taken entirely at once. Melt the globules or granules in your mouth. For babies, homeopathic medicines can be dissolved in a little water. Follow the indications on the prescription. In general, no taste in the mouth is recommended when taking a homeopathic medicine. It is best taken without food.

What does a homeopathic medicine?
Homeopathic medicines are generally presented in two formulations: the tube of granules and the dose of cells.

Who are the prescribers of homeopathic medicines?
More than 25,000 physicians prescribe homeopathic medicines (1), nearly half of GPs. Your doctor chooses the treatment, allopathic and / or homeopathic, best suited to you.
(1) Study MV2, 1997. Imago - October 2003

Where to find a homeopathic doctor?
To obtain the coordinates of a physician prescribing homeopathic medicines, you can:
- Ask your pharmacist;
- Consult the Yellow Pages under "general medicine, homeopathy orientation"
- Contact the National Union of Homeopathic Doctors

Homeopathic medicines are reimbursable? Homeopathic medicines enjoy official status since 1965. They are enrolled in the Pharmacopeia and reimbursed at 35% by the Social Security.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist.

What is cholesterol?

2011-05-30T10:49:00.000-07:00

What is Cholesterol

What is it?

Cholesterol is a fat (lipid) necessary for the agencies. it is the starting point for the manufacture of many substances such as hormones, vitamins or bile. It is also a constituent of the envelope (or membrane) that surrounds our cells.

Where does it?

Cholesterol we have is for 1 / 3 of our diet (eg eggs, offal, some deli ..) and the remaining 2 / 3 are directly manufactured by our liver.

The good and bad cholesterol

Cholesterol can be divided into two broad categories:
Bad cholesterol called "LDL - Cholesterol" can be deposited on the walls of our arteries that may eventually cause an obstruction.

Said the good cholesterol "HDL - Cholesterol" is recycled by the body or eliminated.

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is naturally present in blood at a rate lower than 2 g / l. Beyond this threshold, we can speak of hypercholesterolemia.

There are 2 main types of cholesterol:
- The hypercholesterolemia-called "pure", which correspond to an increase exclusive of cholesterol in the blood.
- The hypercholesterolemia "mixed", which involve both an increase in cholesterol and triglycerides (triglycerides are fats needed by the body as an energy reserve. Contrary to cholesterol, they come mostly from food).

I do not feel sick, so why is it so important to lower my cholesterol?

The excess cholesterol is deposited on the walls of arteries (including coronary arteries are the arteries feeding the heart) at the risk of clogging.

Indeed, cholesterol deposits cause narrowing that limit the blood supply and therefore oxygen it carries to the heart muscle. It can occur when the so-called "angina pectoris" or myocardial infarction if the artery is completely blocked.

High cholesterol is a major risk factor is the occurrence of cardiovascular events and complications. It is therefore essential to reduce cholesterol levels to normal.

However, there are other factors associated with high cholesterol increases the risk of cardiovascular events (the number of factors, the risk is high). It may influence some of these factors (eg tobacco), but others are not modifiable (eg age).

What are the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors?

There are 4:
1. Tobacco:
there is evidence that smoking is a major risk factor in the occurrence of cardiac events in young adults and especially among women especially if she takes a pill. It is therefore important to stop smoking when cholesterol is detected.

2. Hypertension:
Hypertension predisposes to heart attacks by limiting the possibility of dilation of the arteries of the heart during exertion. Physical exercise and reduced alcohol consumption help reduce tension. If the voltage is too high, the doctor may prescribe an anti-hypertensive. (See the list of foods high potassium and low in sodium )

3. Diabetes:
diabetes, characterized by excess sugar in the blood, is responsible for the long narrowing and hardening of the arteries and all acceleration mechanisms of deposition of cholesterol.
Dietary measures (including limitation of consumption of sugars and lipids) and physical activity help regulate blood sugar.
If blood sugar is too high, your doctor may prescribe a diabetes drug.

4. An HDL-cholesterol low:
if your HDL - cholesterol ("good cholesterol) is less than 0.35 g / l, this is considered an additional risk factor. However, if this rate is greater than 0.60 g / l is a factor" Guardian ".

What factors are not modifiable cardiovascular risk?

There are 3:
1. The age and sex
So much for the man to the woman's age increases the risk of developing cardiovascular events. Age is considered as a risk factor from 45 years in men and in women 55 years or in case of early menopause. Indeed, the woman enjoys a natural hormonal protection until menopause.

2. The history called "family":
Genetically, some families are more at risk than others. Therefore, if one of your close relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt ...) suffered or suffers from cardiovascular problems (myocardial infarction before age 55 ...) you are more exposed to cardiovascular risk.

3. The history called "personal":
If you have had a myocardial infarction or if you already suffer from angina pectoris, or arterial disease, you are considered at risk. As we saw earlier, the fact that you yourself have such a history leads to additional risk to your children are advised to monitor adulthood.

How far should we lower my cholesterol?

What is important to judge is the bad cholesterol, LDL - Cholesterol "and not the total cholesterol. Because it depends on him essentially the risk of occurrence of a stroke.

Experts have determined LDL - Cholesterol achieve depending on the number of risk factors. The higher the number, the higher the LDL - Cholesterol should be reduced (eg to a value less than 1g / l in patients with a history of cardiovascular problems).

Your doctor is the only one able to determine specifically the LDL - Cholesterol that you must achieve.

How to lower my cholesterol?

It's always the diet that we begin to treat hypercholesterolemia. But it may be necessary to combine it with medication.

Dietetics:

The principles of dietary cholesterol are simple. We must reduce the consumption of harmful fats and cholesterol. Your doctor will first give dietary advice. Meanwhile, it will help you to improve your lifestyle.

Drug treatments:

If dietary measures are insufficient, drug therapy will be proposed to normalize your cholesterol levels. This treatment will not prevent the continuation of dietary measures or precautions of good hygiene. There are several families of drugs that can lower cholesterol and triglycerides. Your doctor will choose the best treatment for you. This treatment will mostly continue indefinitely.

What to avoid fat and fat to keep?

A diet designed to lower cholesterol requires daily attention on the consumption of foods rich in fat (lipids). Especially as some foods contain fats called "hidden".

Visible fat

Favorable
- Olive oil
- Rapeseed
- Peanut oil (for frying)
- Sunflower oil
- Corn oil
- Grape Seed Oil
- Soybean oil
- Plants soft margarines

Unfavorable
- Butter
- Cream
- Lard
- Palme (margarines)

Hidden fat

Favorable
- Fish
- Poultry (skinless)
- Lean pork (tenderloin)
- Ham
- Lawyer

Unfavorable
- Sheep
- Beef
- Pork fat
- Fat Delicatessen
- Cheese fat
- Whole milk

Menstrual Cycle Conception

2011-05-30T10:41:00.000-07:00

Menstrual Cycle Conception

The menstrual cycle

At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, a few follicles develop. Only one dominant follicle matures, called Graafian follicle. It opens and releases the egg: it is ovulation. At that moment, the follicle becomes a corpus luteum. The egg enters the fallopian tubes, where 3 to 4 days it moves through the uterine cavity. If it is fertilized, it implants there otherwise the egg lives for about 24 hours and the corpus luteum is secreted for 12 to 14 days. Then come the rules and a new cycle begins.

Methods of contraception without a prescription

Spermicides

They come in different ways:
- Creams
- Ova
- Tablet gynecological
- Gels or sponge (pad)

Their time and their duration of action vary.
Now 10 minutes for the time and 2-24 hours for the duration of action.
Their statement is:
- Not using oral contraceptives or intrauterine
- Pre-menopausal
- Missed a regular oral contraceptive
- Young women with low sex
- Girl with poorly developed cycles
- After childbirth or an abortion or not voluntary

Natural and mechanical methods

There are several methods:
Ovulation Tests

Minicomputer with sticks tests aimed at women 25 to 45 years where the cycles are more regular. Determination of the fertile days by testing hormone levels. Each month, enter the beginning of menstruation, then a small light glows different colors depending on the fertile days or not. 16 tests are required the first month then 8 the 2nd. Cost: 100 euros

The Other tests can also detect the fertile period by testing hormone levels. They are generally used to help start a pregnancy.

Other methods known as "Barrier"

Condoms
Indication also prevention against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Good efficiency, lower cost

Female Condom
He has in the vagina. It is disposable and can be used during menstruation. Protects against STDs

Contraceptive cap
Caps the cervix with a dose of spermicide placed at the bottom. This system, which stops sperm in their ascent to the cervix. It is prescribed by a doctor or midwife to determine the size and put it down, it should be avoided in the girl.

Other methods

Ogino-Knaus method
This is to determine the fertile period by calculations on the number of days the shorter cycles and longer. Need to study its cycles of 1 year or so. Can not be used after childbirth and induced abortion or not.
Rhythm Method: The first day of fertility: 18 to remove the shortest cycle, the last day of fertility: 11 to remove the longest cycle.

Knaus method: The first day of fertility: 17 to remove the shortest cycle, the last day of fertility: 13 to remove the longest cycle.

Temperature method
Record daily morning temperatures.
Offset temperature at the time of ovulation generated by progesterone.
Take her temperature every morning at the same time.

36 and 36.5 between periods and ovulation
36.5 and 37.2 at the time of ovulation
36 and 36.5 when the rules occur
Can not be used after childbirth and induced abortion or not, night work and pre-menopause.

Billings method

This is to identify ovulation by observing the appearance of cervical mucus.
Collect some vaginal secretions to appreciate the color and consistency between the thumb and forefinger.

The mucus is more abundant in early follicular development.
It will change until ovulation when it becomes shiny, elastic and stringy.
Then the corpus luteum is secreted, it becomes opaque and sticky.
Avoiding intercourse or using contraception at the onset of local gloss and mucus for 4-5 days.
Unsafe method modification because the mucus in the event report.

What to do if you forget to pill?

The combined oral pill is very effective but one in 10 women forget at least once in the month! Gold mini and minipills impose a decision very regular: an hour's wait in the timetable only. Normodosées pills, they, accept derivatives of several hours. In addition, the interruption of 7 days to "see the rules is an interruption limit. An additional day off and the eggs take the opportunity to come to fruition. The risk of pregnancy is not well controlled.

Emergency contraception (RMS) is desirable if there was sexual intercourse in 72 hours before oblivion, especially if oblivion for the 3rd week of wafer

The method involves taking two progestin pills (Stédiril ®) to 12 hours apart within 48 hours after intercourse (within 72 hours gives poorer results). For example, nightclub, meeting at midnight, the work of flesh at 3 o'clock in the morning, sleep. Wake up at 10 o'clock noon panic. What to do?

Take 2 pills as soon as possible and normodosées renew the 2 pills 12 hours later. Point load hormone causes nausea and rules of deprivation that prevails in any fertilized egg.

More recently, taking a progestin (levonorgestrel) is based on the same principle. Found in pharmacies (OTC) boxes specially packaged with a tablet to take it very quickly (within 72 hours) and a 2nd to take 12 hours later. Efficiency is the same for less unpleasant side effects (less nausea).

Emergency Contraception First action: the installation of a copper IUD within 5 days after the report fertilizing. Delicate in the young girl and women not been pregnant, this method is rarely used. The second appeal is the morning after pill, which there are two versions of hormones: progestin or progestin alone.

Warning! that contraception is opportunistic, not systematic: for your peace and it is best to consult his doctor. Remains the condom (well spent) to open access, low cost and use impromptu.

Why Stretch Marks

2011-05-30T10:36:00.000-07:00

Why Stretch Marks

Phenomenon very common (it affects more than one in two women), stretch marks come in the appearance of small scars, first red, then white and pearly. They may settle during pregnancy but also during a weight loss or during puberty and when they are there, they never disappear by themselves.
Long, women were resigned to pay this tribute to their pregnancy.

Physicians saw stretch marks as a benign lesion too to deserve the name of disease and they just interested in them. As for beauticians, they lacked the means necessary for a rigorous study of the problem.

Why stretch marks?

Stretch marks, aging skin disaster

It took until recently for researchers begin to systematically study the phenomenon of stretch marks and find it similar to the aging of the skin.

This approximation eput seem unexpected: the skin gradually tumbled so sharply that stretch marks are installed and at any age. Yet if we place ourselves in the dermis, it appears that the phenomenon is identical in both cases.

How the skin ages it?

There beneath the epidermis a network of fibers that provide elasticity and solidarity of the skin collagen and elastic fibers. These fibers are produced by certain cells, fibroblasts. After a certain age, the fibroblasts begin to function less well: the mesh fiber network is scarce and deteriorate, it becomes less dense, folds and wrinkles, or the fiber reinforcement deteriorates.

How they stretch marks appear?

The frame's natural skin is also subject to strain during pregnancy: endocrine processes that accompany it can disrupt the activity of fibroblasts and production, as in the case of aging, then decrease the quantity and quality . The unusual mechanical tension to which the skin is subjected does the rest: the fiber network is altered and breaks into multiple locations. Correspond to breaks in these deep depressions of the fine surface of the skin stretch marks ...

Frequently Asked Questions about Pregnancy

2011-05-30T10:33:00.001-07:00

Frequently Asked Questions about Pregnancy

Common Questions About Pregnancy
One must eat to 2 when pregnant?

TRUE:
For 2, yes. As 2, no! The important thing is to have a balanced diet that emphasizes holy and all that is good for you and your baby milk and dairy products for calcium and protein, fruits and vegetables for vitamins and minerals, fish for phosphorus, and cereals for energy ...

The ideal weight gain during pregnancy is 9 to 12 kilos?

TRUE:
ideally not exceed 10 pounds. Because it takes less weight, less has been fortunate to have stretch marks or problems with heavy legs. And soon after it regains its online!

Almost all mothers are a little depressed after the birth of their child?

TRUE: This attitude is true in most cases. while it has everything to be happy, the young mother sees life in gray. Fatigue, anxiety about new responsibilities, hormones drop, so many reasons for this "baby blues". It's time to pamper, take care of yourself, to be beautiful, to regain his confidence and his smile gently.

When you're pregnant, it must be even more careful in the sun

TRUE:
During pregnancy it is best to avoid the sun. Indeed, UV-A and B highlight the risk of developing pregnancy mask on the face, especially around the 4th month. Remember to protect with a sunscreen, even in the shade, even with a hat.

Stretch marks occur mainly among women over 30?

FALSE:
Stretch marks are not a matter of age or skin or inheritance but the direct result of hormonal changes associated with pregnancy. You should know however that the younger you are, the more one is sensitive to these changes so more stretch marks. Weight gain may also be too large at any age a risk factor. As a precaution, it is advisable to apply a specific product from the 3rd month of pregnancy.

We do not need special care products during pregnancy:

FALSE:
The body changes of volume, the skin is influenced by significant hormonal changes, it's time instead of being small to fuss over her beauty. Change your usual moisturizer, your moisturizer or your sweet almond oil for specific products, specific, specially formulated for cosmetic problems associated with pregnancy stretch marks, swollen legs, dry skin, sagging after childbirth. ..

A pregnant woman should avoid all exercise

FALSE:
If violent sports or those who bully your breasts should be avoided so fragile, it is the perfect time to rediscover the benefit of those walking or swimming. The latter is particularly recommended to relieve back pain.

Stretch marks often occur because of the sun

FALSE:
They see themselves more in the sun because they do not tan in the same way as the rest of the body. But in any case the sun can not be responsible for their appearance.

Bronchiolitis in Infants

2011-05-30T10:25:00.001-07:00

Bronchiolitis in Infants

Symptoms

Acute bronchiolitis is a seasonal viral infection affecting the infant before the age of 2 years. It clogs the bronchioles predominant. Risk of outbreak from October to March.

Rhinitis,
Coughs and repetitive
Rapid, shallow breathing,
Discomfort at the end,
Whistling expiratory (wheezing)
Crackles: sounds fine and fast occurring at the end of inspiration,
Sibilant rales produced by the passage of air in the bronchi,
Mild fever.

Prevention

Delay, if possible, the community development of infants,
Scrupulously hygienic measures (hands, clothes, toys, parent-child contact ...)
Tobacco should be avoided in the entourage

Treatment

Chest physiotherapy,
Hydration
Drug treatment
Systematic hospitalization for infants under 6 weeks.

Conditions for effective treatment

- Comply with physiotherapy
- Give plenty of fluids to correct rehydration
- Sessions of aerosols and fogging should not be long (10 min)
- Place the infant seat in a partially
- Snuff carefully the baby (to be done before each bottle)
- Remove and disinfect the nebulizer systematically after each use and then run it empty.

What if you recognize bronchiolitis?

- Call your doctor
- Wash hands thoroughly before each provide care for the baby
- Lay the baby in a semi sitting position
- Wash frequently "softies"
- Wash clothes (soaking disinfectant)
- Avoid smoking
- Wash the baby's nose (saline, sterile seawater ...)

Nutritional needs of pregnant women

2011-05-30T10:22:00.000-07:00

Nutritional needs of pregnant women

Nutrition Advice

Good nutrition is essential for the health of the mother but also for the baby and an adult. Dietary advice will be most effective they will be applied early in pregnancy.

Pregnancy is accompanied by profound changes. Fetal development and adaptations of the body of the mother for certain changes of nutritional needs.

However, pregnant women should not eat for two, she needs to eat twice as well.

The diet should be mostly balanced. There is no weight gain optimal valid for all women.
In women of normal weight, an extra
100 kilocalories per day in the first quarter
250 kilocalories per day during the 2nd and 3rd quarter.
This is equivalent to taking a daily fruit or a glass of milk and more at the beginning of pregnancy, and two (or bread, a serving of cheese and fruit) during a snack late in pregnancy.

While the dangers of obesity are now recognized, experts also warn against the risks of too little weight gain.
You need a balance.

Excess weight increases the real risk of complications, whether the mother or child. Cesarean delivery is more common.

The nutritional objective is then to limit the weight gain 6-10 kg for the entire pregnancy without the contribution is less than 1600 kilocalories per day.

A thin or lean body mass raises the risk of premature labor, fetal growth retardation and small birth weight (less than 2.5 kg).

The optimal weight gain is between 11.5 and 16 kg for a woman of medium build and 12.5 to 18 kg for women leaner.

From a qualitative standpoint, the need for nutrients such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are exactly the same before and during pregnancy.

On protein intake should be 70 g per day. (Apart from a vegetarian diet, all women in France have enough).
On carbohydrates, the interest of complex sugars (rice, pasta, potatoes) should be stressed at the expense of simple carbohydrates.

During pregnancy, the body less resistant to the young, which imposes a carbohydrate breakfast.
The soluble and insoluble plant fibers must be present in the diet to ensure adequate maternal blood glucose.

Unless weight problems, pregnant women do not have to limit their consumption of fats. Lipids provide essential vitamins including the fetus. Non-skimmed milk products, provide 40% of recommended vitamin A during pregnancy. And fats contain essential fatty acids necessary for the formation and functioning of the brain membranes of the fetus.

You have to vary the sources of fats: butter on bread and oils (sunflower, corn, peanut, olive, soybean, rapeseed ...) in salads.

As for beverages, it is advisable to drink about 1.5 to 2 liters of water per day early in pregnancy.
Water is essential for the proper development of the fetus (amniotic fluid formation) and helps prevent kidney problems and constipation in the mother. (Preferably Drinking mineral water in small amounts throughout the day)

Avoid alcohol and soft drinks.

Needs folic acid (vitamin B9) is also increasing. The consumption of raw vegetables, vegetables (spinach, lettuce, cabbage) and fresh fruit in principle allows to cover its increased needs.
Some women are at risk of deficiency, particularly smokers and women taking oral contraceptives before pregnancy.

The recommended dose if supplementation is 5 mg per day.

The absorption of iron is four to five times higher among pregnant women.
The iron content in offal, red meat, pulses and green vegetables.
An intake of vitamin D is recommended during the seventh month of pregnancy to reduce the risk of anemia in calcium at birth.

Rules to follow

- Never skip meals
- To diversify its supply by tapping into each class of food:
varying sources of fat, increase consumption of fruits and vegetables, consuming a dairy product with every meal, at least four times a day.
- Do not nibble of greasy or sweet between meals. - Drinking water (about 1.5 to 2 liters per day), limiting alcohol, quitting smoking.
- Exercise (walking, swimming)

Questions and answers

How to cover the calcium requirements?

The recommended dietary calcium are 1200 mg / l.
For example: 300 mg of calcium are made by a bowl of milk or yogurt or two 300 g or 30 g cheese Emmental.

How to relieve nausea?

If they appear upon awakening, take a solid breakfast in bed. A glass of water or milk in an hour, depending on tolerance. a glass of coca may also help.

Should we eat more?

A little, but not too much: additional 100 kcal per day are needed in Q1 (a glass of milk or fruit). It is especially important to eat more balanced.

What cons bloating and heartburn?

Decrease the volume of main meals and split flows. Avoid foods which ferment. Do not lie down immediately after a meal. Remove acidic foods and dishes too spicy.

What should I do to relieve constipation?

Drink at least 1.5 liters of water daily walk. Eating enough food rich in fiber. Drink a glass of cold water after an overnight fast.

Infant regurgitation

2011-05-30T10:16:00.000-07:00

Infant regurgitation

Regurgitation or vomiting?

Regurgitation: sudden and effortless removal of greater or lesser amounts of gastric contents into the esophagus or mouth. The content and rejected, often made from milk curd during the period of milk diet simply flows along the mouth.

Vomiting: reference assets of gastric contents. Much more abundant, he gushes with effort and requires abdominal muscle contraction and therefore efforts.

The distinction is not always as obvious. Only your doctor can help you make the difference.

Portrait of "baby régurgiteur" or "baby eater"

The baby eater, also known as "baby - Leaky" is an infant that goes: happy lively, gay and tonic, it is "happy" but during his periods of wakefulness, usually after dinner, he presents regurgitation.
There are no other symptoms. He eats well, growing well, sleeps well, does not show any pain during or after meals.

These regurgitations typically appear before three months, involve 20 to 40% of infants, diminish after 6 months but can sometimes persist exceptionally up to 18 months or 2 years.
In short, it regurgitates but is worn like a charm.

Benin and transitory phenomenon that requires a simple treatment

Reassurance

This is a minor symptom, your baby will not risk anything other than dirty her sheets, clothes, yours ...

Trust the traditional means

Avoid any kind of abdominal compression, and layer clothing too tight.
Place your baby like the others, on the back or side.
Split meals.
Bottle feeding in a quiet atmosphere.
Check the bottle nipple is adapted to the age of your baby.
Do not force baby to eat if not hungry.
Avoid at diversification, food in refluxing: All fruit juices (especially orange), chocolate, sweets.
Remove all smoking environment.

Thicken food

Your doctor will advise a food plan anti-regurgitation.
Easy to use, it prepares a conventional milk. Particularly effective and well digested by the presence of locust bean gum, it contributes to the healthy growth of your baby.

Carob flour: a natural thickener that has proven

Extracted from the seeds of the carob tree, small tree of the Mediterranean, carob flour is a natural thickener has long been used in the food industry and has proven itself in the dietary treatment of regurgitation in infants. Neutral flavor, carob flour gives the product an ideal thickening, without extra calories or gastrointestinal disturbance.

If, despite the thickening, regurgitation persist beyond a week, consult your doctor again.

Dry Baby Skin

2011-05-30T09:10:00.001-07:00

Dry Baby Skin

Functions still very young

In infants, the secretion of sweat is more limited as immature. These glands depend on the nervous system. Until it has acquired full maturity, the eccrine glands function improperly. Less lubricated, the skin becomes dry, cracked more easily

Baby Care must be different than those for adults. The report skin surface to weight ratio is three times higher in infants. The pH of a newborn baby to term and until two weeks is almost neutral, whereas that of an adult is between 4.2 and 5.6. On or resistance to infections in infants less

Melanin production (hormone sun protection) is slowed, so the children under one year have clear skin. They have no protection against the sun

Exposure to the sun is strongly recommended before 6 months

Adult skin and baby
	Adult	Newborn
Body surface	17000 cm ²	2200 cm ²
Weight	70 kg	3.4kg
Report skin surface weight	243	647
Hydrolipidic protective film	Yes	No
Epidermis	Dense	Thin
Dermis	Rich in elastic fibers	Poor in elastic fibers
Sebaceous glands	Depending	At rest
Sweat gland	Depending	Immature

Beware of the Sun

The skin of toddlers is fragile, we must be vigilant!
- Before 1 year, avoid direct exposure to sunlight and sun during peak hours (between 12 and 16 hours)

- Use special baby products and high index from mineral sunscreen

- Beware of dehydration drink the baby regularly and spray with thermal water on his face.

- Adopt the reflex T-shirt and hat

- Repeat applications every 2 hours.

Care Products

Some tips:
- Avoid alcoholic lotions

- Limit the application of skin care products to small areas

- Monitor the expiration date and the smell of baby care products

- Consider the weight / skin surface in the baby. For a given application area, the product concentration in the body is much greater than that of an adult.

- Attention to the abrasive effect of plasters! Prefer microporous

- Avoid products and increase unnecessary applications

- Tightly recap the bottle to minimize any microbial growth

Toilet and bath

The newborn does every day between 1 and 3 stool and urine over 20 times. To avoid the occurrence of infection and skin irritation, change the baby 6-8 times a day.

Bath

Keep the baby with one hand sour wedge his head and neck on the forearm, slowly immerse in the bath. Wash with your other hand.
The water is 37 ° C and room temperature at 20-22 ° C.
Bathe in the morning or the evening before bedtime when the child is hungry or sleepy. Limited to two or three minutes for newborns to prevent any risk of skin dryness.
If dry skin, pediatricians recommend giving a bath every other day.
Moisturize the face and body after bathing.

Hair

A daily shampoo leaves a clean scalp and reduces the appearance of cradle cap.
Apply shampoo, lather and rinse with a washcloth or sponge in proceeding from the forehead to the top of the skull.
There are special shampoo infants that do not leak and does not sting the eyes.

Eyes

Moisten each eye with a sterile saline. Clean the outer corner of the eye towards the nose, finishing with the tear duct.

The care of the umbilical cord

Her healing is done only 12 or 15 days. Until then, at each exchange you should clean the area with sterile gauze soaked with alcohol at 60 ° C. Dry, then apply the 2% aqueous eosin. Then protect with gauze held by a net cord or tape. The cord drying out and falling leaves a small wound that may ooze a few days. This slight discharge does not prevent the bath. If it persists a consultation is needed to eliminate any risk of infection

Tips for the bath

- Never leave your child alone
- Until the child is very small, do not let go
- Place a rubber mat at the bottom of the tub
- Check the water temperature
- Close the valve fully: even a drop of hot water can burn the baby
- Do not bathe your child in a cold room

Dermatological problems in everyday life

Diaper rash

Red patches more or less humid, often associated with painful local irritation. Clean and thoroughly dry the buttocks and the folds of the baby. Use cotton diapers. Allow the baby to the air as often as possible. Apply a barrier cream (no talc). See if the redness persists.

Heat rash

These are excess sweating. Bathe the baby more often absorb excess sweat with talcum powder.

White dots on the nose

These sebaceous glands temporarily dilated. Do not pierce them as it may cause scarring or infections.

Cradle cap

This is squama fat of the scalp. Simply massage the scalp with petroleum jelly or sweet almond oil and make the evening a mild shampoo in the morning to make them disappear

Acne of newborn

From maternal hormonal secretions, these lesions heal spontaneously after the 4th month. Avoid applying cream.

Baby Menu

2011-05-30T09:01:00.001-07:00

Baby Menu

Sample Menu 3 months

For a child ration of 700g 5Kg ....
5 x 150 or 4 x 180

a) 5 meals of 150 grams (3 months):
- 1 Bottle of 150 grams with 5 measures of milk + 1 / 2 to 1 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
- 2nd and 4th bottles: 150 g with 5 measures of milk
- 3 rd meal: a bottle of 75 g with 2 measures 1 / 2 milk + 1 / 2 to 1 jar of fruit (120 g) or 60 to 120 g sauce (a teaspoon)
- 5th meal: 1 vegetable stock
For 10 days to just 150 grams of vegetable broth + 4 measures 1 / 2 of milk (based on potatoes, carrots, leeks + 1-4 seasonal greens)
All vegetables are allowed except salsify. Beware of carrots and spinach for nitrate.
The next 10 days to add 150 g of vegetable broth, 1 tbsp. mashed vegetable soup + 4 measures of milk.
The 10 days of the month to add 150g vegetable stock 2 tbsp. vegetable soup + 3 measures 1 / 2 milk.

b) 4 meals of 180 g (3-4 months):
- Morning: 1 bottle 180 g with 6 measures of milk + 1 / 2 to 1 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
- 2nd meal: a bottle of 90 g with 3 measures of milk + 1 / 2 to 1 jar of fruit (120 g) or 60 to 120 g of applesauce
- 3rd meal: 1 bottle 180 g with 6 + 5 measures measures 1 / 2 milk
- 4th meal: 1 vegetable stock
10 days: 180 g of vegetable broth + 5 measures 1 / 2 milk
10 days: 180 g of vegetable broth + 1 tbsp. vegetable soup + 5 measures of milk
10 days: 180 g of vegetable broth + 2 tbsp. vegetable soup + 4 measures 1 / 2 milk.

- Not much salt in the soup.
- Not fat.
- The vegetable broth can be prepared for 48 hours and still be frozen (up to 6 days).

Sample menu 4 or 5 months

For a child 6Kg 200: ration of 820 g or 4 meals of 210 g.
- Morning: 1 bottle 210 g with 7 measures of milk + 1 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour

- At noon: (meals with a spoon)
- 70 to 100 g of mashed vegetables:
Potato: 3 times per month
Carrots: 2 times per month
Spinach: 2 times per month
Greens: 23 days per month
- 10 to 15 grams of meat or fish (2 to 3 tbsp. Coffee):
(Cooked meat grilled, poached fish) + Vintage + butter small pinch of salt.
It can also give ham or poultry without skin
- 120 to 130 g serving:
A slightly sweet yogurt or cottage cheese or chipmunks at 20% (not sweet) or
Small pots of fruit or stewed fruit (except bananas) or seasonal fruit wines

- At 16 hours: 1 bottle 210 g with 7 measures of milk + 1 / 2 tbsp. coffee gluten free flour
(The bottle of 16 hours should never be removed or replaced by dairy products or fruit until the child agrees to take "problem in nursery)
Never give boiled

- The Evening: vegetable soup, 180 g of vegetable broth
- 10 days: 3 tbsp. vegetable soup + 4 measures of milk
- 10 days: 4 tbsp. vegetable soup + 3 measures of milk
- 10 days: 5 tbsp. vegetable soup + 2.5 measures of milk

This meal is made from a bottle
If the child feels the need to drink, regardless of age, it should take only water.

Sample Menu 6 months

The morning and 16 hours:
Bottle of 210 to 240 g with 7 or 8 measures measures of milk + 1 tbsp. Coffee with cereal flour (more or less gluten).
Never malted milk or "fragrant".

At noon:
Same plan +
1 / 2 egg yolk hard week
1 / 2 banana poached flood 2-3 times a week
Cheese and chipmunks to 30%

Vegetable soup:
If the infant accepts, this meal may be taken with a spoon.
For 15 days: 6 tbsp. vegetable soup + 2 measures of milk
15 days: 7 tbsp. vegetable soup + 1 part milk.

More or less grated cheese (Gruyere, Cantal ...)
More or less alternating 1 tbsp. coffee tapioca, semolina, blédaline, Floraline, floralettes (small pasta).
More or less depending on the appetite of the infant 50 to 80 g of stewed fruit wines.

Sample Menu 6 months to 1 year

The infant's diet varies very little:
- Introduction of cupcakes (babiscuits) after the bottles in the morning and 16 o'clock, bread crusts
- Passage of cow's milk as possible to 7-8 months
- Rice, pasta once a month
- All cheeses can be given (best time: before the evening meal)
- No liver, brains, pork, meat sauce, horse
- Not Meat, fish, vegetables cooked in butter or oil

Sample menu 1 to 2 years

- 30 to 50 grams of meat or fish per day
- 1 egg per week: drive and then boiled
- Fruits and vegetables: the amount sought by the infant
- Introduction of legumes: 2-3 times per month (white beans, kidney beans, lentils)

Sample menu after 2 years

- 50 to 60 grams of meat or fish per day (increase of 10 g per year of age, maximum: 120 g per day (any age)
- 2 eggs per week and never at any age (not cooked dish)
- Pork with 2 1 / 2 years but never pie or sausage
- No meat, fish, vegetables cooked in butter or oil (fried)

The food of childhood

The jars infant: a high level of food safety

EU directives provide the babies with great jars food security.

Thus, colors and sweeteners are banned and the use of additives is severely restricted.

Only allowed as flavoring extracts and essences of natural substances.

The concentration of nitrates is limited to 250 mg / kg of finished product.

Since 1990 to prevent BSE, the industry has removed the varieties of small pots made of offal.

Pesticide levels tolerated are typically 10 times lower than those of the adult diet.
A team of researchers from the University of Washington (USA), newborns whose mothers have experienced nausea and vomiting during pregnancy have a preference for salt, before the introduction of non-milk foods.

This preference is linked to a mechanism adaptation to maternal dehydration.

Feeding babies is too rich in protein

Mothers tend to give too much protein. At the age of 10 months, small are almost 20% protein and less than 30% fat, while milk, perfect food, containing 50% fat.
A 2-year feeding provides 16.5% energy as protein, instead of 5-6 recommended, and always too little fat. Fats should not be restricted in early life. They should then gradually reduce the benefit of proteins, the opposite of what is done today.

All essential nutrient requirements are not covered

Children are at risk of iron deficiency and vitamin D, which is now opposed by the use of supplements, and fortification of milk. But other nutrients may be inadequate. This is the case of vitamin E and selenium, both antioxidants. Magnesium and zinc may also be missed. The latter is the cause of stunting. Finally, the French food does not have enough essential fatty acids omega 3 family, which are essential for brain development and vision centers. To prevent these deficits, we must prepare baby food with canola oil and nuts, walnuts offer (the components) and fatty fish. It can also give birth soon added vitamins and minerals low dose, a habit that may be pursued.

Before age 2, babies can drink water rich in calcium and magnesium

In the first months of life, the baby is perfectly capable of safely absorb calcium and magnesium, two minerals of considerable importance for growth and health. Better worth giving it a moderately mineralized water that empty water minerals such as those recommended. Another error: the idea that the bread should be introduced at the age of 7 years (but french fries, chips and cakes to 18 months!). Of the ten leading causes of mortality in adults, at least five are related to dietary habits of small children and childhood. And among them, the use of refined foods, contributes to deficits in vitamins, minerals and fiber, and probably the risk of diabetes and cancer. Wholegrain bread - for 2 years before - should be systematically preferred to white bread and cakes. Legumes (lentils), they, better than french fries and chips.

A child does not have sugary foods

Sucrose can be eliminated from the diet of the child, or very greatly reduced, energy is provided by complex carbohydrates in plants and cereals, fruits and fructose. EU directives also impose strict limits on amounts of sugar added to processed cereal-based industrial and baby food jars. These measures are aimed to contain the incidence of dental caries, and to avoid giving the child a sweet taste that can corrupt the food choices later.

Before age 2, babies can drink water rich in calcium and magnesium

The introduction of diversified foods should not mark the cessation of breastfeeding, which should ideally be continued throughout the first year. Babies breastfed for a year know better brain development. They are less frequently affected by diarrhea, allergies, diabetes.

Recommended nutrient intakes in young children
	1-3 months	3-6 months	6-9 months	9-12 months	1-3 years
Energy (kcal / day)	450	600	700	850	1300
Protein (g / kg / day)	2	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.2
Essential fatty acids	4-6	idem	idem	idem	idem
Calcium (mg / day)	400	400	600	600	800
Phosphorus (mg / day)	300	300	500	500	800
Magnesium (mg / day)	40	40	60	60	80
Iron (mg / day)	8-10	8-10	8-10	8-10	10
Zinc (mg / day)	5	5	5	5	10
Iodine (mcg / day)	40-50	40-50	40-50	40-50	70-120
Copper (mg / day)	0.4-0.7	0.4-0.7	0.4-0.7	0.4-0.7	0.7
Fluorine (mg / day)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.5-1
Selenium (mg / day)	10-15	10-15	10-15	10-15	20-30
Vitamin A (RE / day)	375-400	375-400	375-400	375-400	400-700
Vitamin D (IU / day)	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000
Vitamin E (mg / day)	3-4	3-4	3-4	3-4	6-7
Vitamin K (mcg / day)	5-10	5-10	5-10	5-10	15-30
Vitamin C (mg / day)	30-35	30-35	30-35	30-35	40-45
Vitamin B1 (mg / day)	0.3-0.4	0.3-0.4	0.3-0.4	0.3-0.4	0.7-1
Vitamin B2 (mg / day)	0.4-0.5	0.4-0.5	0.4-0.5	0.4-0.5	0.8-1.2
Vitamin B3 (mg / day)	5-6	5-6	5-6	5-6	9-13
Vitamin B5 (mg / day)	2-3	2-3	2-3	2-3	3-5
Vitamin B6 (mg / day)	0.3-0.6	0.3-0.6	0.3-0.6	0.3-0.6	1-1.7
Vitamin B8 (mg / day)	10-15	10-15	10-15	10-15	20-30
Vitamin B9 (mg / day)	25-35	25-35	25-35	25-35	50-100
Vitamin B12 (mcg / day)	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.7-1.4

Major components of the different milks


Constituents	Breast milk	Milk Cow	1st age milk or infant	2nd milks age or follow-on milks
Water (ml / l)	871	872	870	870
Protein (g / l) Casein (%) Soluble protein (%)	8-12 40 60	30-35 80 20	15-22 34-80 20-66	24-30 40-80 20-60
Fat (g / l) Vegetable fats (%) Ac. Linoleic (g / l)	30-40 - 3.5	35-40 - 0.9	25-38 Max. 40 2.4 to 4.2	29-40 Max. 50 ~ 2% to 10%
Carbohydrates (g / l) Lactose (%) Oligosaccharides (%) Other sugars (%)	60-70 85-90 10-15 -	45-50 98 - -	70-95 70-100 - 0-30	70-86 40-60 - 40-60
Calorie (kg cal / s)	600-700	650-750	650-700	650-720
Minerals (g / l) Sodium Chlorine Calcium Phosphorus Ca / P Magnesium	2 0.1 to 0.2 0.45 0.3 0.15 2 0.035	7 0.7 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.3 0.12	4 0.2 0.3 to 0.7 0.5 to 0.8 0.35 to 0.5 1.3 to 1.6 0.05 to 0.08	7 0.5 0.7 to 0.9 0.85 1.05 0.7 1.2 to 1.5 0.07 to 0.12